Introduction. 1. Comparative Animal Physiology. 2. External and Internal Environments. 3. The External Environment. 4. Internal Environments. 5. Homeostasis and Regulation. 6. Cellular Energetics Thermodynamics. 7. Free Energy. 8. Chemical Reactions. 9. Oxidative Metabolism. 10. Anaerobic Metabolism. 11. Bioluminescence. 12. Thermogenesis. 13. Defense. 14. Animal Energetics Calorimetry. 15. Energy Budgets. 16. Production. 17. Aerobic Metabolism. 18. Anaerobic Metabolism. 19. Temperature Physical Effects of Temperature. 20. The Thermal Environment. 21. Heat Exchange. 22. Ecotherms. 23. Endotherms. 24. Fever. 25. Acclimation and Acclimatization. 26. Membrane Physiology Membrane Structure. 27. Membrane Permeation. 28. Resting Membrane Potentials. 29. Excitable Cell Membranes. 30. Axonal Propagation. 31. Synaptic Transmission. 32. Neural Integration. 33. Sensory Physiology Structural and Functional Classification. 34. Sensory Coding. 35. Chemoreception. 36. Temperature. 37. Mechanoreception. 38. Electroreception. 39. Magnetoreception. 40. Photoreception. 41. Nervous System Evolution. 42. Nervous Tissue. 43. Integrative Neurophysiology. 44. Visual Processing. 45. Memory and Learning. 46. Biological Clocks. 47. Cell Movement. 48. The Cytoskeleton. 49. Microtubular Movement. 50. Microfilament Movement. 51. Animal Movement Support. 52. Locomotion. 53. Endocrinology Endocrine Systems. 54. Mechanisms of Hormone Action. 55. Invertebrate Endocrine Systems. 56. Chordate Endocrine Systems. 57. Mechanisms of Hormone Action. 58. Invertebrate Endocrine Systems. 59. Chordate Endocrine Systems. 60. Evolution of Endocrine Systems. 61. Aquatic Respiration Respiratory Gases. 62. Respiratory Systems. 63. Regulation of Respiration. 64. Physiological Implications of Aquatic Respiration. 65. Aerial Respiration Vertebrates. 66. Invertebrates. 67. Regulation of Respiration. 68. Effects of Diving and Altitude. 69. Physiological Implications of Air-Breathing. 70. Circulation Design of Circulatory Systems. 71. Rheology. 72. Invertebrate Circulatory Systems Chordate Circulatory Systems. 73. Regulation of the Cardiovascular System. 74. Blood. 75. Respiratory Pigments. 76. Oxygen Transport. 77. Carbon Dioxide Transport. 78. Acid-Base Balance. 79. Defense. 80. Water and Solute Balance Body Fluid Composition. 81. Water and Ion Budgets. 82. Aquatic Environments. 83. Terrestrial Environment. 84. Excretion Excretory Organs. 85. Water and Solute Excretion. 86. Nitrogen Metabolism. 87. Digestion Feeding Patterns. 88. Generalized Structure and Function of the Digestion Tract. 89. Digestive Systems. 90. Specialized Digestive Systems. 91. Nutrition. Appendices. Index.