1. MOLECULAR REASONS Firesticks ; Molecular Reasons ; The Scientist and the Artist ; The First People to Wonder about Molecular Reasons ; Immortality and Endless Riches ; The Beginning of Understanding ; The Classification of Matter ; The Atomic Theory ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 2. THE CHEMIST''''S TOOL BOX Curious About Oranges ; Feynman''''s Ants ; Measurement ; Theorizing ; Reading Graphs ; Mathematics in Chemistry ; Scientific Notation ; Algebraic Manipulations ; Solving Word Problems ; A Ton Of Bricks and A Ton of Feathers ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 3. ATOMS AND ELEMENTS A Walk on the Beach ; Protons Determine the Element ; Electrons ; Neutrons ; Specifying an Atom ; Atomic Weight ; Periodic Law ; A Theory that Explains the Periodic Law: The Bohr Model ; Families of Elements ; A Dozen Nails and a Mole of Atoms ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 4. MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS What Matter Does, Molecules Do ; Compounds ; Chemical Formulas ; Ionic Compounds ; Covalent Compounds ; Molecular Weight ; Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors ; Naming Simple Compounds ; Forming and Transforming Compounds: Chemical Reactions ; Chemical Equations as Conversion Factors ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 5. THE BONDS THAT CHANGE From Poison to Seasoning ; Chemical Bonding and Professor G. N. Lewis ; Ionic Lewis Structures ; Covalent Lewis Structures ; The Lewis Structure of Ozone ; The Shapes of Molecules ; Water: Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 6. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY A Monstrous Thicket ; A Vital Force ; The Simplest Organic Compounds: Hydrocarbons ; Naming Hydrocarbons ; Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Kekule''''s Dream ; Functional Groups ; Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ; Alcohols ; Aldehydes and Ketones ; Carboxylic Acids ; Esters and Ethers ; Amines ; A Look at a Label ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 7. LIGHT AND COLOR A New England Fall ; Light ; The Electromagnetic Spectrum ; Excited Electrons ; Identifying Molecules and Atoms with Light ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Spectroscopy of the Human Body ; Lasers ; Lasers in Medicine ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 8. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY A Tragedy ; An Accidental Discovery ; Radioactivity ; Half Life ; Nuclear Fission ; The Manhattan Project ; Nuclear Power ; Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy ; Fusion ; The Effect of Radiation on Human Life ; Carbon Dating and the Shroud of Turin ; Uranium and the Age of the Earth ; Nuclear Medicine ; Chapter Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 9. ENERGY FOR TODAY Molecules in Motion ; Our Absolute Reliance on Energy ; The Total Amount of Energy Is Constant: You Can''''t Get Something for Nothing ; The Total Amount of Disorder Increases: Nature''''s Heat Tax ; Some Units and Definitions ; Chemistry and Energy ; Energy for Our Society ; Electricity from Fossil Fuels ; Environmental Problems Associated with Fossil Fuel Use: Smog ; Environmental Problems Associated with Fossil Fuel Use: Acid Rain ; Environmental Problems Associated with Fossil Fuel Use: Global Warming ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 10. ENERGY FOR TOMORROW: SOLAR AND OTHER RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Earth''''s Ultimate Energy Source: The Sun ; Hydroelectric Power: The World''''s Most Used Solar Energy Source ; Wind Power ; Solar Thermal Energy: Focusing and Storing the Sun ; Photovoltaic Energy: From Light to Electricity with No Moving Parts ; Energy Storage: The Plague of Solar Sources ; Biomass: Energy from Plants ; Geothermal Power ; Nuclear Power ; Efficiency and Conservation ; 2040 World: A Speculative Glimpse into the Future ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 11. THE AIR AROUND US Air Bags ; A Gas Is a Swarm of Particles ; Pressure ; The Relationships Between Gas Properties ; The Atmosphere: What Is in It? ; The Atmosphere: A Layered Structure ; Air Pollution: An Environmental Problem in the Troposphere ; Cleaning up Air Pollution: The Clean Air Act ; Ozone Depletion: An Environmental Problem in the Stratosphere ; The Montreal Protocol: The End of Chlorofluorocarbons ; Myths Concerning Ozone Depletion ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 12. THE LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS AROUND US: ESPECIALLY WATER No Gravity, No Spills ; Liquids and Solids ; Separating Molecules: Melting and Boiling ; The Forces That Hold Us-and Everything Else-Together ; Smelling Molecules: The Chemistry of Perfume ; Chemists Have Solutions ; Water: An Oddity Among Molecules ; Water: Where Is It and How Did It Get There? ; Water: Pure or Polluted? ; Hard Water: Good for Our Health, Bad for Our Pipes ; Biological Contaminants ; Chemical Contaminants ; Ensuring Good Water Quality: The Safe Drinking Water Act ; Public Water Treatment ; Home Water Treatment ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 13. ACIDS AND BASES: THE MOLECULES RESPONSIBLE FOR SOUR AND BITTER If It Is Sour, It Is Probably an Acid ; The Properties of Acids: Tasting Sour and Dissolving Metals ; The Properties of Bases: Tasting Bitter and Feeling Slippery ; Acids and Bases: Molecular Definitions ; Strong and Weak Acids and Bases ; Specifying the Concentration of Acids and Bases: The pH Scale ; Some Common Acids ; Some Common Bases ; Acid Rain: Extra Acidity from the Combustion of Fossil Fuels ; Acid Rain: The Effects ; Cleaning Up Acid Rain: The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 14. OXIDATION AND REDUCTION Rust ; Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions ; Some Common Oxidizing and Reducing Agents ; Respiration and Photosynthesis ; Batteries: Making Electricity with Chemistry ; Fuel Cells ; Corrosion: The Chemistry of Rust ; Oxidation, Aging, and Antioxidants ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 15. THE CHEMISTRY OF HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS Cleaning Clothes with Molecules ; Soap: A Surfactant ; Synthetic Detergents: Surfactants for Hard Water ; Laundry-Cleaning Formulations ; Corrosive Cleaners ; Hair Products ; Skin Products ; Facial Cosmetics ; Perfumes and Deodorants: Producing Pleasant Odors and Eliminating Unpleasant Ones ; Polymers and Plastics ; Copolymers: Nylon, Polyethylene Terephthalate, and Polycarbonate ; Rubber ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 16. BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Brown Hair, Blue Eyes, and Big Mice ; Lipids and Fats ; Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Sawdust ; Proteins: More Than Muscle ; Protein Structure ; Some Common Proteins ; Nucleic Acids: The Blueprint for Proteins ; Recombinant DNA Technology ; Cloning ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 17. DRUGS AND MEDICINE: HEALING, HELPING, AND HURTING Love and Depression ; Relieving Pain, Reducing Fever, and Lowering Inflammation ; Killing Microscopic Bugs: Antibiotics ; Antiviral Drugs and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ; Sex Hormones and the Pill ; Steroids ; Chemicals to Fight Cancer ; Depressants: Drugs That Dull the Mind ; Narcotics: Drugs that Diminish Pain ; Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamine ; Legal Stimulants: Caffeine and Nicotine ; Hallucinogenic Drugs: Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ; Marijuana ; The Wonder of Drugs of the 1990s: Prozac and Zoloft ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 18. THE CHEMISTRY OF FOOD You Are What You Eat, Literally ; Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fibers ; Proteins ; Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol ; Caloric Intake and the First Law: Extra Calories Lead to Fat ; Vitamins ; Minerals ; Food Additives ; The Molecules Used to Grow Crops: Fertilizers and Nutrients ; The Molecules Used to Protect Crops: Insecticides and Herbicides ; Summary ; Key Terms ; References ; Exercises 19. NANOTECHNOLOGY Extreme Miniaturization ; Scanning Tunneling Microscope ; Atomic Force Microscope ; Buckyballs: A New Form of Carbon ; Carbon Nanotubes ; Nanomedicine ; Nanoproblems ; Summary ; References ; Exercises ; APPENDIX 1: SIGNIFICANT FIGURES ; APPENDIX 2: ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS ; GLOSSARY ; CREDITS ; INDEX