The practice of social research /
Babbie, Earl R.
The practice of social research / Earl Babbie. - 9th ed. - Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Thomson Learning, 2001 - 1 v. (various pagings) : ill. ; 24 cm.
includes bibliography, glossary and index
Holographic Overview 1 --
Part 1 An Introduction to Inquiry 14 --
1 Human Inquiry and Science 16 --
Looking for Reality 18 --
The Foundations of Social Science 24 --
Some Dialectics of Social Science 33 --
The Ethics of Social Research 37 --
2 Paradigms, Theory, and Social Research 41 --
Some Social Science Paradigms 42 --
Elements of Social Theory 51 --
Two Logical Systems Revisited 53 --
Deductive Theory Construction 60 --
Inductive Theory Construction 63 --
The Links Between Theory and Research 64 --
3 The Idea of Causation in Social Research 68 --
Determinism and Social Science 69 --
Causation in Idiographic and Nomothetic Models of Explanation 72 --
Criteria for Causality 75 --
Necessary and Sufficient Causes 78 --
Errors in Reasoning About Causation 81 --
Linking Measurement and Association 83 --
Part 2 The Structure of Inquiry 88 --
4 Research Design 90 --
Three Purposes of Research 91 --
Units of Analysis 94 --
The Time Dimension 101 --
How To Design a Research Project 107 --
The Research Proposal 113 --
Answers to Review Questions and Exercises, Item 2 117 --
5 Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement 118 --
Measuring Anything That Exists 119 --
Conceptualization 122 --
Definitions in Descriptive and Explanatory Studies 129 --
Operationalization Choices 132 --
Criteria of Measurement Quality 140 --
6 Indexes, Scales, and Typologies 148 --
Indexes versus Scales 149 --
Index Construction 152 --
Scale Construction 165 --
Typologies 171 --
7 The Logic of Sampling 175 --
A Brief History of Sampling 177 --
Nonprobability Sampling 178 --
The Theory and Logic of Probability sampling 182 --
Populations and Sampling Frames 194 --
Types of Sampling Designs 197 --
Multistage Cluster Sampling 204 --
Probability Sampling in Review 211 --
Part 3 Modes of Observation 214 --
8 Experiments 216 --
Topics Appropriate to Experiments 217 --
The Classical Experiment 217 --
Selecting Subjects 221 --
Variations on Experimental Design 224 --
An Illustration of Experimentation 230 --
"Natural" Experiments 232 --
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Experimental Method 234 --
9 Survey Research 237 --
Topics Appropriate for Survey Research 238 --
Guidelines for Asking Questions 239 --
Questionnaire Construction 245 --
Self-Administered Questionnaires 253 --
Interview Surveys 258 --
Telephone Surveys 262 --
New Technologies and Survey Research 265 --
Comparison of the Different Survey Methods 267 --
Strengths and Weaknesses of Survey Research 268 --
Secondary Analysis 269 --
10 Qualitative Field Research 274 --
Topics Appropriate to Field Research 275 --
Special Considerations in Qualitative Field Research 277 --
Some Qualitative Field Research Paradigms 281 --
Conducting Qualitative Field Research 290 --
Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Field Research 298 --
Research Ethics in Qualitative Field Research 300 --
11 Unobtrusive Measures 303 --
Content Analysis 304 --
Analyzing Existing Statistics 315 --
Historical/Comparative Analysis 322 --
12 Evaluation Research 331 --
Topics Appropriate to Evaluation Research 333 --
Formulating the Problem: Issues of Measurement 334 --
Types of Evaluation Research Designs 338 --
The Social Context 344 --
Social Indicators Research 351 --
Part 4 Analysis of Data 356 --
13 Qualitative Data Analysis 358 --
Linking Theory and Analysis 359 --
Qualitative Data Processing 364 --
Computer Programs for Qualitative Data 370 --
14 Quantifying Data 383 --
Computers in Social Research 384 --
Coding 387 --
Coding and Data Entry Options 390 --
Data Cleaning 392 --
15 Elementary Quantitative Analyses 396 --
Univariate Analysis 397 --
Subgroup Comparisons 403 --
Bivariate Analysis 406 --
Introduction to Multivariate Analysis 412 --
16 The Elaboration Model 416 --
The Origins of the Elaboration Model 417 --
The Elaboration Paradigm 421 --
Elaboration and Ex Post Facto Hypothesizing 430 --
17 Social Statistics 434 --
The Danger of Success in Math 435 --
Descriptive Statistics 436 --
Other Multivariate Techniques 446 --
Inferential Statistics 452 --
Part 5 The Social Context of Research 466 --
18 The Ethics and Politics of Social Research 468 --
Ethical Issues in Social Research 470 --
Two Ethical Controversies 479 --
The Politics of Social Research 481 --
19 The Uses of Social Research 490 --
Theory --
Data Collection --
Analysis 491 --
Everyday Uses of Social Research Skills 492 --
A Consumer's Guide to Social Research 493 --
A Using the Library 2 --
B Social Research in Cyberspace 8 --
C The Research Report 16 --
D GSS Household Enumeration Questionnaire 23 --
E Random Numbers 33 --
F Distribution of Chi Square 35 --
G Normal Curve Areas 37 --
H Estimated Sampling Error 38 --
I A Learner's Guide to SPSS 8.0 40 --
J Twenty Questions a Journalist Should Ask about Poll Results 75.
9780534574741
Social sciences--Research.
Social sciences--Methodology.
300/.72 / B1126
The practice of social research / Earl Babbie. - 9th ed. - Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Thomson Learning, 2001 - 1 v. (various pagings) : ill. ; 24 cm.
includes bibliography, glossary and index
Holographic Overview 1 --
Part 1 An Introduction to Inquiry 14 --
1 Human Inquiry and Science 16 --
Looking for Reality 18 --
The Foundations of Social Science 24 --
Some Dialectics of Social Science 33 --
The Ethics of Social Research 37 --
2 Paradigms, Theory, and Social Research 41 --
Some Social Science Paradigms 42 --
Elements of Social Theory 51 --
Two Logical Systems Revisited 53 --
Deductive Theory Construction 60 --
Inductive Theory Construction 63 --
The Links Between Theory and Research 64 --
3 The Idea of Causation in Social Research 68 --
Determinism and Social Science 69 --
Causation in Idiographic and Nomothetic Models of Explanation 72 --
Criteria for Causality 75 --
Necessary and Sufficient Causes 78 --
Errors in Reasoning About Causation 81 --
Linking Measurement and Association 83 --
Part 2 The Structure of Inquiry 88 --
4 Research Design 90 --
Three Purposes of Research 91 --
Units of Analysis 94 --
The Time Dimension 101 --
How To Design a Research Project 107 --
The Research Proposal 113 --
Answers to Review Questions and Exercises, Item 2 117 --
5 Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement 118 --
Measuring Anything That Exists 119 --
Conceptualization 122 --
Definitions in Descriptive and Explanatory Studies 129 --
Operationalization Choices 132 --
Criteria of Measurement Quality 140 --
6 Indexes, Scales, and Typologies 148 --
Indexes versus Scales 149 --
Index Construction 152 --
Scale Construction 165 --
Typologies 171 --
7 The Logic of Sampling 175 --
A Brief History of Sampling 177 --
Nonprobability Sampling 178 --
The Theory and Logic of Probability sampling 182 --
Populations and Sampling Frames 194 --
Types of Sampling Designs 197 --
Multistage Cluster Sampling 204 --
Probability Sampling in Review 211 --
Part 3 Modes of Observation 214 --
8 Experiments 216 --
Topics Appropriate to Experiments 217 --
The Classical Experiment 217 --
Selecting Subjects 221 --
Variations on Experimental Design 224 --
An Illustration of Experimentation 230 --
"Natural" Experiments 232 --
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Experimental Method 234 --
9 Survey Research 237 --
Topics Appropriate for Survey Research 238 --
Guidelines for Asking Questions 239 --
Questionnaire Construction 245 --
Self-Administered Questionnaires 253 --
Interview Surveys 258 --
Telephone Surveys 262 --
New Technologies and Survey Research 265 --
Comparison of the Different Survey Methods 267 --
Strengths and Weaknesses of Survey Research 268 --
Secondary Analysis 269 --
10 Qualitative Field Research 274 --
Topics Appropriate to Field Research 275 --
Special Considerations in Qualitative Field Research 277 --
Some Qualitative Field Research Paradigms 281 --
Conducting Qualitative Field Research 290 --
Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Field Research 298 --
Research Ethics in Qualitative Field Research 300 --
11 Unobtrusive Measures 303 --
Content Analysis 304 --
Analyzing Existing Statistics 315 --
Historical/Comparative Analysis 322 --
12 Evaluation Research 331 --
Topics Appropriate to Evaluation Research 333 --
Formulating the Problem: Issues of Measurement 334 --
Types of Evaluation Research Designs 338 --
The Social Context 344 --
Social Indicators Research 351 --
Part 4 Analysis of Data 356 --
13 Qualitative Data Analysis 358 --
Linking Theory and Analysis 359 --
Qualitative Data Processing 364 --
Computer Programs for Qualitative Data 370 --
14 Quantifying Data 383 --
Computers in Social Research 384 --
Coding 387 --
Coding and Data Entry Options 390 --
Data Cleaning 392 --
15 Elementary Quantitative Analyses 396 --
Univariate Analysis 397 --
Subgroup Comparisons 403 --
Bivariate Analysis 406 --
Introduction to Multivariate Analysis 412 --
16 The Elaboration Model 416 --
The Origins of the Elaboration Model 417 --
The Elaboration Paradigm 421 --
Elaboration and Ex Post Facto Hypothesizing 430 --
17 Social Statistics 434 --
The Danger of Success in Math 435 --
Descriptive Statistics 436 --
Other Multivariate Techniques 446 --
Inferential Statistics 452 --
Part 5 The Social Context of Research 466 --
18 The Ethics and Politics of Social Research 468 --
Ethical Issues in Social Research 470 --
Two Ethical Controversies 479 --
The Politics of Social Research 481 --
19 The Uses of Social Research 490 --
Theory --
Data Collection --
Analysis 491 --
Everyday Uses of Social Research Skills 492 --
A Consumer's Guide to Social Research 493 --
A Using the Library 2 --
B Social Research in Cyberspace 8 --
C The Research Report 16 --
D GSS Household Enumeration Questionnaire 23 --
E Random Numbers 33 --
F Distribution of Chi Square 35 --
G Normal Curve Areas 37 --
H Estimated Sampling Error 38 --
I A Learner's Guide to SPSS 8.0 40 --
J Twenty Questions a Journalist Should Ask about Poll Results 75.
9780534574741
Social sciences--Research.
Social sciences--Methodology.
300/.72 / B1126
