Introduction to telecommunications /
Gokhale, Anu A.
Introduction to telecommunications / Anu A. Gokhale. - 2nd ed. - New Dehli : Cengage Learning, 2009 - 475 p.
Includes index.
Contents
Preface xvii
1
An overview of telecommunications 1
Key terms 1
Objectives 1
Introduction 2
What is telecommunication? 2
History of telecommunications 3
History of telecommunications technologies 3
History of the telecommunications industry 6
Telecommunications networks 11
Internet 12
Classification of data networks 14
Classification by spatial distance 14
Classification by topology 16
Classification by ownership 18
Classification by switching technology 20
Classification by computing model 22
Classification by type of information 24
Telecommunications standards 24
International standards organizations 25
National regulatory and standards organizations 28
European standards organizations 29
De facto standards 30
Open computing 30
Challenges of telecommunication technologies 31
Careers in telecommunications 31
Summary 33
Review questions 34
2
Electronics for telecommunications 37
Key terms 37
Objectives 37
Introduction 38
Communications system parameters 39
Type of information 39
Bandwidth 39
Broadband versus baseband 40
Synchronous versus asynchronous 41
Simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex 42
Serial versus parallel 42
Analog versus digital 43
Noise 44
Modulation 52
Fourier theorem and spectral analysis 54
Amplitude modulation (am) 56
Frequency modulation (fm) 56
Phase modulation (pm) 58
Pulse modulation 61
Multiplexing 64
Frequency division multiplexing (fdm) 65
Time division multiplexing (tdm) 66
Wavelength division multiplexing (wdm) 71
Summary 74
Review questions 75
3
Transmission media 77
Key terms 77
Objectives 77
Introduction 78
Copper cables 78
Coaxial cable 78
Unshielded twisted pair (utp) 80
Shielded twisted pair (stp) 82
Attenuation in copper cables 82
International cabling specifications 92
Copper versus fiber 93
Fiber-optic cables 93
Fiber construction and types 94
Light propagation through fiber 96
Optical sources and detectors 100
Construction of a fiber-optic cable 103
Joining fibers 104
Transmission impairments in fiber-optic cables 105
Cabling architecture 107
Structured wiring 107
Cable facilities hardware 110
Cable installation 112
Cable tests 114
Summary 115
Case study 116
Review questions 117
4
Voice communications 119
Key terms 119
Objectives 119
Introduction 120
Public telephone network 120
Switching systems 122
Telecom infrastructure 123
Telephone cable architecture 125
Line conditioning 129
The telephone 129
Analog versus digital telephones 130
Telephone circuit and speech characteristics 133
Outgoing call 136
Incoming call 137
Line signaling 139
Loop start 139
Ground start 139
Trunk signaling 141
Single frequency (sf) 141
E&m signaling 141
Common channel signaling 143
Intelligent network (in) services 145
Caller identification 146
Automatic call distribution (acd) for businesses 146
Voice processing systems for businesses 148
Business telephone systems 150
Telephone lines 150
Private branch exchange (pbx) 153
Centrex 154
Virtual pbx service 155
Network design parameters 156
Grade of service 157
Estimated traffic 158
Network design 159
Converged networks 159
Summary 160
Review questions 161
5
Wireless communications 163
Key terms 163
Objectives 163
Introduction 164
Cellular mobile telephone systems 164
Cellular networks 165
Personal communications systems (pcs) 166
Analog versus digital access 168
Analog access 168
Digital access 170
Wireless applications and products 176
Wireless lans (wlans) 181
Microwave lans 183
Radio lans 185
Infrared lans 185
Broadband wireless systems 186
Satellite communications 188
Satellite earth station 191
Geosynchronous satellite (geo) 194
Global positioning system (gps) 196
Low earth orbit (leo) and
Medium earth orbit (meo) satellites 197
International wireless communications 200
Umts and imt-2000 201
Global system for mobile communications (gsm) 202
Summary 204
Case study 205
Review questions 206
6
Data communications 209
Key terms 209
Objectives 209
Introduction 210
Evolution of data networks 210
Open systems interconnect (osi) model 213
Physical layer 214
Data link layer 215
Network layer 215
Transport layer 215
Session layer 215
Presentation layer 216
Application layer 216
Character codes 216
Ascii 216
Data encoding methods 217
Non-return to zero (nrz) 219
Bipolar alternate mark inversions (bipolar ami) 219
Bipolar with 8 zero substitution (b8zs) 219
Manchester encoding 219
Multi-level transition (mlt-3) 220
4b/5b encoding 221
2 binary 1 quaternary 221
Error detection and correction 221
Parity checking 223
Longitudinal redundancy check (lrc) 224
Hamming code 224
Cyclic redundancy check (crc) 225
Data link protocols 227
High-level data link control (hdlc) 227
Lan access methods 227
Token passing 228
Carrier sense multiple access (csma) 228
Lan technologies 230
Token ring 230
Fiber distributed data interface (fddi) 232
Ethernet 233
Lan configurations 239
Client/server 239
Peer-to-peer 240
Internetworking 243
Repeaters 244
Bridges 244
Switches 245
Routers 247
Gateways 250
Channel service unit (csu)/digital service unit (dsu) 250
Trunking 250
Summary 252
Review questions 253
7
Wide area network and broadband technologies 255
Key terms 255
Objectives 255
Introduction 256
Packet switching networks 256
X.25 257
Frame relay 259
Advantages of frame relay 262
Switched multimegabit data service (smds) 262
Integrated services digital network (isdn) 264
Advantages and disadvantages of isdn 265
Synchronous optical network (sonet) 267
Sts-1 transmission rate 267
Advantages of sonet 269
Sonet protocol 271
Sts-1 frame structure 271
Asynchronous transfer mode (atm) 273
Atm layer and cell format 273
Advantages of atm 274
Drawbacks of atm 277
Atm standards 278
Packet over sonet (pos) 279
Dynamic synchronous transfer mode (dtm) 281
Residential or small business access technologies 283
Digital subscriber line (dsl) 283
Cable modems (cms) 284
Fixed wireless 286
Vsat (very small aperture terminal) 287
Passive optical network (pon) 287
Summary 288
Case study 291
Review questions 292
8
Internet and converged networks 295
Key terms 295
Objectives 295
Introduction 296
Tcp/ip model 296
Transmission control protocol (tcp) 297
User datagram protocol (udp) 299
Internet protocol (ip) 299
Ip version 4 (ipv4) addressing 299
Ip version 6 (ipv6) 306
Tcp/ip-based applications 307
Tcp via satellite 309
Internet 2 (i2) 310
Sna versus tcp/ip 311
Virtual private network (vpn) 312
Vpn protocols 314
Intranet and extranet 315
Converged networks 317
Voice over ip (voip) 320
Pstn and ip internetworking 320
Voip call process 322
Voip qos 322
Voice over frame relay (vofr) 323
Voice over atm 324
Multimedia over ip protocols 324
Real-time transport protocol (rtp) 325
Resource reservation protocol (rsvp) 325
Open settlement protocol (osp) 325
H.323 326
Data compression 326
Run-length encoding 328
Huffman code 328
Transform coding 329
Summary 330
Case study 331
Review questions 332
9
Network management 335
Key terms 335
Objectives 335
Introduction 336
Policy management 337
Evaluation of network hardware and software 337
Hardware 337
Software 339
Network administration and maintenance 342
Implementing virtual lans (vlan) 343
Network performance management 344
Network security 347
Security threats 348
Network vulnerability management and security policy 350
Security measures 351
Security provisions in a vpn 359
Configuration management 359
Network applications and services 360
Storage 361
Network application software 365
Business continuance 367
Telecommunications management network 368
Summary 370
Review questions 371
10
Telecom policy and business contracts 373
Key terms 373
Objectives 373
Introduction 374
Telecommunications act of 1996 375
Infrastructure for a timely deployment of advanced services 377
The promotion of competition 379
Universal availability of advanced services 382
Regulation on electronic documents 383
Global perspective 384
Intellectual property 385
Global intellectual property law 386
Telecom policy impact on businesses 387
Global market competitiveness 387
Electronic commerce 388
Service level agreement (sla) 391
Need for a sla 392
Selecting a service provider 392
Application performance evaluation 393
Network performance evaluation 393
Sla clauses 394
Sla negotiation 395
Sla monitoring tools 397
Implementing an sla 398
Total cost of ownership (tco) 399
Cost/benefit analysis 399
Return on investment (roi) 401
Net value 402
Tco applications 403
Summary 404
Case study 405
Review questions 406
Acronyms 409
Glossary 417
Index 445
1401856489
Telecommunication.
621.382 / G616
Introduction to telecommunications / Anu A. Gokhale. - 2nd ed. - New Dehli : Cengage Learning, 2009 - 475 p.
Includes index.
Contents
Preface xvii
1
An overview of telecommunications 1
Key terms 1
Objectives 1
Introduction 2
What is telecommunication? 2
History of telecommunications 3
History of telecommunications technologies 3
History of the telecommunications industry 6
Telecommunications networks 11
Internet 12
Classification of data networks 14
Classification by spatial distance 14
Classification by topology 16
Classification by ownership 18
Classification by switching technology 20
Classification by computing model 22
Classification by type of information 24
Telecommunications standards 24
International standards organizations 25
National regulatory and standards organizations 28
European standards organizations 29
De facto standards 30
Open computing 30
Challenges of telecommunication technologies 31
Careers in telecommunications 31
Summary 33
Review questions 34
2
Electronics for telecommunications 37
Key terms 37
Objectives 37
Introduction 38
Communications system parameters 39
Type of information 39
Bandwidth 39
Broadband versus baseband 40
Synchronous versus asynchronous 41
Simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex 42
Serial versus parallel 42
Analog versus digital 43
Noise 44
Modulation 52
Fourier theorem and spectral analysis 54
Amplitude modulation (am) 56
Frequency modulation (fm) 56
Phase modulation (pm) 58
Pulse modulation 61
Multiplexing 64
Frequency division multiplexing (fdm) 65
Time division multiplexing (tdm) 66
Wavelength division multiplexing (wdm) 71
Summary 74
Review questions 75
3
Transmission media 77
Key terms 77
Objectives 77
Introduction 78
Copper cables 78
Coaxial cable 78
Unshielded twisted pair (utp) 80
Shielded twisted pair (stp) 82
Attenuation in copper cables 82
International cabling specifications 92
Copper versus fiber 93
Fiber-optic cables 93
Fiber construction and types 94
Light propagation through fiber 96
Optical sources and detectors 100
Construction of a fiber-optic cable 103
Joining fibers 104
Transmission impairments in fiber-optic cables 105
Cabling architecture 107
Structured wiring 107
Cable facilities hardware 110
Cable installation 112
Cable tests 114
Summary 115
Case study 116
Review questions 117
4
Voice communications 119
Key terms 119
Objectives 119
Introduction 120
Public telephone network 120
Switching systems 122
Telecom infrastructure 123
Telephone cable architecture 125
Line conditioning 129
The telephone 129
Analog versus digital telephones 130
Telephone circuit and speech characteristics 133
Outgoing call 136
Incoming call 137
Line signaling 139
Loop start 139
Ground start 139
Trunk signaling 141
Single frequency (sf) 141
E&m signaling 141
Common channel signaling 143
Intelligent network (in) services 145
Caller identification 146
Automatic call distribution (acd) for businesses 146
Voice processing systems for businesses 148
Business telephone systems 150
Telephone lines 150
Private branch exchange (pbx) 153
Centrex 154
Virtual pbx service 155
Network design parameters 156
Grade of service 157
Estimated traffic 158
Network design 159
Converged networks 159
Summary 160
Review questions 161
5
Wireless communications 163
Key terms 163
Objectives 163
Introduction 164
Cellular mobile telephone systems 164
Cellular networks 165
Personal communications systems (pcs) 166
Analog versus digital access 168
Analog access 168
Digital access 170
Wireless applications and products 176
Wireless lans (wlans) 181
Microwave lans 183
Radio lans 185
Infrared lans 185
Broadband wireless systems 186
Satellite communications 188
Satellite earth station 191
Geosynchronous satellite (geo) 194
Global positioning system (gps) 196
Low earth orbit (leo) and
Medium earth orbit (meo) satellites 197
International wireless communications 200
Umts and imt-2000 201
Global system for mobile communications (gsm) 202
Summary 204
Case study 205
Review questions 206
6
Data communications 209
Key terms 209
Objectives 209
Introduction 210
Evolution of data networks 210
Open systems interconnect (osi) model 213
Physical layer 214
Data link layer 215
Network layer 215
Transport layer 215
Session layer 215
Presentation layer 216
Application layer 216
Character codes 216
Ascii 216
Data encoding methods 217
Non-return to zero (nrz) 219
Bipolar alternate mark inversions (bipolar ami) 219
Bipolar with 8 zero substitution (b8zs) 219
Manchester encoding 219
Multi-level transition (mlt-3) 220
4b/5b encoding 221
2 binary 1 quaternary 221
Error detection and correction 221
Parity checking 223
Longitudinal redundancy check (lrc) 224
Hamming code 224
Cyclic redundancy check (crc) 225
Data link protocols 227
High-level data link control (hdlc) 227
Lan access methods 227
Token passing 228
Carrier sense multiple access (csma) 228
Lan technologies 230
Token ring 230
Fiber distributed data interface (fddi) 232
Ethernet 233
Lan configurations 239
Client/server 239
Peer-to-peer 240
Internetworking 243
Repeaters 244
Bridges 244
Switches 245
Routers 247
Gateways 250
Channel service unit (csu)/digital service unit (dsu) 250
Trunking 250
Summary 252
Review questions 253
7
Wide area network and broadband technologies 255
Key terms 255
Objectives 255
Introduction 256
Packet switching networks 256
X.25 257
Frame relay 259
Advantages of frame relay 262
Switched multimegabit data service (smds) 262
Integrated services digital network (isdn) 264
Advantages and disadvantages of isdn 265
Synchronous optical network (sonet) 267
Sts-1 transmission rate 267
Advantages of sonet 269
Sonet protocol 271
Sts-1 frame structure 271
Asynchronous transfer mode (atm) 273
Atm layer and cell format 273
Advantages of atm 274
Drawbacks of atm 277
Atm standards 278
Packet over sonet (pos) 279
Dynamic synchronous transfer mode (dtm) 281
Residential or small business access technologies 283
Digital subscriber line (dsl) 283
Cable modems (cms) 284
Fixed wireless 286
Vsat (very small aperture terminal) 287
Passive optical network (pon) 287
Summary 288
Case study 291
Review questions 292
8
Internet and converged networks 295
Key terms 295
Objectives 295
Introduction 296
Tcp/ip model 296
Transmission control protocol (tcp) 297
User datagram protocol (udp) 299
Internet protocol (ip) 299
Ip version 4 (ipv4) addressing 299
Ip version 6 (ipv6) 306
Tcp/ip-based applications 307
Tcp via satellite 309
Internet 2 (i2) 310
Sna versus tcp/ip 311
Virtual private network (vpn) 312
Vpn protocols 314
Intranet and extranet 315
Converged networks 317
Voice over ip (voip) 320
Pstn and ip internetworking 320
Voip call process 322
Voip qos 322
Voice over frame relay (vofr) 323
Voice over atm 324
Multimedia over ip protocols 324
Real-time transport protocol (rtp) 325
Resource reservation protocol (rsvp) 325
Open settlement protocol (osp) 325
H.323 326
Data compression 326
Run-length encoding 328
Huffman code 328
Transform coding 329
Summary 330
Case study 331
Review questions 332
9
Network management 335
Key terms 335
Objectives 335
Introduction 336
Policy management 337
Evaluation of network hardware and software 337
Hardware 337
Software 339
Network administration and maintenance 342
Implementing virtual lans (vlan) 343
Network performance management 344
Network security 347
Security threats 348
Network vulnerability management and security policy 350
Security measures 351
Security provisions in a vpn 359
Configuration management 359
Network applications and services 360
Storage 361
Network application software 365
Business continuance 367
Telecommunications management network 368
Summary 370
Review questions 371
10
Telecom policy and business contracts 373
Key terms 373
Objectives 373
Introduction 374
Telecommunications act of 1996 375
Infrastructure for a timely deployment of advanced services 377
The promotion of competition 379
Universal availability of advanced services 382
Regulation on electronic documents 383
Global perspective 384
Intellectual property 385
Global intellectual property law 386
Telecom policy impact on businesses 387
Global market competitiveness 387
Electronic commerce 388
Service level agreement (sla) 391
Need for a sla 392
Selecting a service provider 392
Application performance evaluation 393
Network performance evaluation 393
Sla clauses 394
Sla negotiation 395
Sla monitoring tools 397
Implementing an sla 398
Total cost of ownership (tco) 399
Cost/benefit analysis 399
Return on investment (roi) 401
Net value 402
Tco applications 403
Summary 404
Case study 405
Review questions 406
Acronyms 409
Glossary 417
Index 445
1401856489
Telecommunication.
621.382 / G616
