Part I — Understanding Argument

An Introduction to Argument — p. 1

What Is an Argument? — p. 4

Why Learn to Write Effective Arguments? — p. 6

The Purposes of Argument — p. 8

Arguments to Assert — p. 11

Arguments to Inquire — p. 13

Arguments to Dominate — p. 16

Arguments to Negotiate and Reconcile — p. 18

Strategies for Argument — p. 22

Logical Arguments — p. 24

Reasoning Inductively — p. 25

Reasoning Deductively — p. 26

The Syllogism — p. 28

The Enthymeme — p. 29

Cultural Differences in Logical Arguments — p. 30

The Toulmin Model of Argumentation — p. 31

Understanding Claims and Warrants — p. 32

Evaluating Claims and Warrants — p. 33

Fallacies — p. 35

Appealing to Pity — p. 36

Appealing to Prejudice — p. 36

Appealing to Tradition — p. 37

Arguing by Analogy — p. 37

Attacking Character — p. 37

Attributing False Causes — p. 38

Attributing Guilt by Association — p. 38

Begging the Question — p. 38

Equivocating — p. 39

Ignoring the Question — p. 39

Jumping to Conclusions — p. 39

Opposing a Straw Man — p. 39

Presenting a False Dilemma — p. 40

Reasoning That Does Not Follow — p. 40

Sliding Down a Slippery Slope — p. 40

Emotional Arguments — p. 41

Character-Based Arguments — p. 43

English