The media of mass communication /
John Vivian
- 8th ed., 2008 update.
- Islamabad : National Book Foundation, 2008
- xxvii, 516 p. : 28 cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Features List xvii Preface xix About the Author xxvi Award for Excellence xxvii chapter1-Mass Media Literacy Vignette: Arthur Sulzberger Jr. 1 Importance of Mass Media 2 Pervasiveness, 2 . Information Source, 3 . Entertainment Source, 3 . Persuasion Forum, 4 Culture and Values 4 Binding Influence, 4 . 500-Channel Universe, 5 Primary Mass Media 6 Print Technology, 6 . Chemical Technology, 8 . Electronic Technology, 8 Technology Melds 9 Print-Visual Integration, 9 . Digital Integration, 10 MSM and New Media 10 Mainstream Media, 10 . New Media, 11 Mass Media Models 11 Hot-Cool Model, 11 . Entertainment-Information Model, 11 . Content-Distribution Model, 12 . Elitist-Populist Model, 13 Economics of Mass Media 14 Economic Foundation, 14 . Economic Imperative, 17 . Mission and Profit, 17 . Perils of Profit and Myopia, 18 ¿ Demassification, 18 Media Conglomeration 19 Media Ownership Consolidation, 19 . Media Ownership Collaboration, 19 . Dubious Effects of Conglomeration, 21 . Positive Effects of Conglomeration, 24 . Conglomeration Cracks, 24 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE For Further Learning media databank Media Usage 3 media people Christina Saralegui 5 media people Johannes Gutenberg 7 media timeline Media Technology 8 media databank Media Costs 14 media people Rupert Murdoch 20 media databank Biggest U.S. Media Companies 21 media people Vivendi Mastermind 25 chapter2-Books Vignette: Richard Sarnoff 29 Influence of Books 30 Books in Human History, 30 . Repository of Culture, 31 . Books in National Development, 31 . Books and Current Issues, 32 Book Industry 33 Scope of Book Industry, 33 . Major Houses, 34 . Book Industry Consolidation, 34 . Small Publishers, 34 . Book Retailing, 35 Book Products 36 Trade Books, 37 . Texts and References, 37 . Graphic Novels, 38 Transformational Formats 39 Paperback Books, 39 . Electronic Books, 40 Book Authors 41 Authoring Process, 41 . Author-Publisher Relations, 43 Book Issues and Trends 44 Blockbusters, 44 . Mass Marketing, 44 . Aliteracy, 46 . Global Online Access, 47 Google Library Project, 47. European Response 48 Evaluating Books 48 Populist Measures, 48 . Quality Measures, 49 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media timeline Development of Books 31 media people William Holmes McGuffey 32 media people Harriet Beecher Stowe 33 media databank Major Trade Book Publishers 34 media databank Bookstore Chains 36 media people Frank Miller 39 media technology Espresso Machine Brews Books 40 media people Jane Friedman 41 media people J. K. Rowling 42 case study Authors as Franchise: J. D. Robb and Nora Roberts 45 chapter3-Newspapers Vignette: Mary Junck 53 Importance of Newspapers 54 Newspaper Industry Dimensions, 54 . Content Diversity and Depth, 55 Newspaper Products 56 Broadsheets, 56 . Tabloids, 56 Newspaper Chain Ownership 58 Trend Toward Chains, 58 . Assessing Chain Ownership, 59 National Dailies 60 USA Today, 60 . Wall Street Journal, 62 . Christian Science Monitor, 64 New York Times 65 Newspaper of Record, 65 . New York Times Heritage, 65 Hometown Newspapers 67 Metropolitan Dailies, 67 . Hometown Dailies, 68 Future for Dailies 68 Multimedia News, 68 . Newspaper Blogs, 70 . New Efficiencies, 70 . Clustering, 71 . Marketing Databases, 72 Weekly Newspapers 72 Community Weeklies, 72 . Rural Weeklies, 73 . Shoppers, 73 Alternative and Minority Newspapers 73 Counterculture Newspapers, 73 . Black Newspapers, 74 . Foreign-Language Newspapers, 75 Evaluating Newspapers 76 Circulation and Penetration, 76 . Quality Indicators, 77 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media databank Largest U.S. Newspapers 55 media technology Newspaper Production 56 media databank Newspaper Chains 58 media databank Newsroom Salaries 60 media timeline Notable Dailies 61 media people George Gilder 69 media databank Best U.S. Newspapers 77 chapter4-Magazines Vignette: Bonnie Fuller 81 Influence of Magazines 82 Contributing to Nationhood, 82 . National Advertising Medium, 83 . Massive Magazine Audience, 83 Magazines as Media Innovators 84 Investigative Reporting, 84 . Personality Profiles, 84 . Photojournalism, 84 Consumer Magazines 85 Circulation Leaders, 85 . Newsmagazines, 86 . Newspaper Supplements, 87 . Women's Magazines, 88 . Men's Magazines, 88 Non-Newsrack Magazines 89 Sponsored Magazines, 90 . Trade Journals, 91 . Criticism of Trade Magazines, 91 . Newsletters, 92 Magazine Demassification 92 Heyday of Mass Magazines, 92 . Assault from Television, 92 . A Narrower Focus, 93 . Critics of Demassification, 94 . New Competition, 95 . Internet Magazines, 95 Evaluating Magazines 96 Populist Measures, 96 . Quality Measures, 97 . Reader Usage Measure, 98 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media timeline Magazines 83 media people Margaret Bourke-White 86 media people DeWitt and Lila Wallace 87 media databank Magazine Advertising Revenue 88 media people Sara Josepha Hale 89 media people Bella Price 90 media people Myles Kovacs 95 chapter5-Sound Recording Vignette: Shawn Fanning 101 Influence of Sound Recordings 102 Pervasiveness of Music, 102 . Scope of the Recording Industry, 102 Recording Industry 103 Majors, 103 . Indies, 103 Transforming Innovations 104 Sound Technology, 105 . Performer Influences, 106 Regulatory Pressure 109 Objectionable Music, 109 . Labeling, 109 . Artistic Freedom, 110 Artistic Autonomy 111 A&R Structure, 111 . Music Demassification, 112 . Touring, 112 Streaming Crisis 114 File-Sharing, 114 . iPod, 114 . Pirate Dubbing, 115 Evaluating Recording Companies 117 Populist Measures, 117 . Quality Measures, 118 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media databank Recording Companies 103 media people 50 Cent 104 media timeline Recording Formats 105 media timeline Record Industry 107 media technology DualDisc 108 media databank Recordede Music Genres 110 media technology Albums: The Rise and Fall 112 media technology Sound Mixing 113 case study Podcasting: The New Revolution? 116 chapter6-Movies Vignette: John Lasseter 121 Importance of Movies 122 Overwhelming Experience, 122 . Cinemate Dream Theory, 123 Hollywood's Cultural Influence, 123 Hollywood's New Century, 124 Movie Technology, 125 Adaptation from Photography, 125 . D-Cinema, 126 Movie Industry Structure 127 Feature Films, 127 . Animated Films, 128 . Documentaries, 130 Television Production, 132 Movie Industry Production, 132. Major Studios, 132 . Other Studios, 134. Independent Producers, 134 Movie Industry Distribution, 136 Booking Movies, 136 Foreign Distribution, 137 Movie Industry: Exhibition, 137. What Edison Wrought, 137 . Exhibition Crisis, 139. Movie Censorship, 139 Early Licensing, 139 Government Intimidation, 140 Movies and First Amendment, 141 Current Movie Code, 142 Media Literacy and Movies, 143, Box Ofice and Grosses, 143 Movie Criticism, 143 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media databank Movie Revenue 125 media timeline Movie Technology 126 media people Mark Cuban 127 media databang Big-Budget Movies 128 media technology Computer-Generated Imagery 129 media people Lourdes Portillo 130 media people Robert Flaherty 131 media databank Major Movie Studios 132 media people Adolph Zukor 133 media people Steven Spielberg 135 media people Bob and Harvey Weinstein 136 media databank Global Box Office 137 media timeline Movie Exhibition 138 media databank Major Movie-House Chains 139 media timeline Movie Censorship 140 media databank Movie Ratings 142 chapter7-Radio Vignette: Paul Harvey 147 Influence of Radio 148 Ubiquity, 148 . Scope of Radio Industry, 149 Radio Technology 149 Electromagnetic Spectrum, 149 . Transmitting Voices, 149 . FM Radio, 150 Radio Industry Infrastructure 150 Trusteeship Rationale, 151 . Localism, 152 . Networks, 153 Infrastructure Transition 154 Historical Characteristics, 154 . Deregulation, 155 . Satellite Radio, 156 New Technologies, 156 Corporate Radio 157 Chain Ownership, 157 . New Corporate Tune, 158 Radio Content 160 Radio Entertainment, 160 . Radio News, 161 . Talk Radio, 163 . Public Radio, 165 Quality on the Air 167 Marketplace Values, 167 . Measuring Quality, 167 Radio Trends 167 High-Definition Radio, 168 . Bundled Transmission, 168 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE for further learning media timeline Radio 151 media people John Brinkley 153 media timeline Radio Networks 154 media technology Airplay for Sale 157 media databank Radio Chains 157 media people Howard Stern 158 case study More Power for Low Power 159 media people Gordon McLendon 161 media databank Radio Formats 162 media people Edward R. Murrow 163 media databank NPR News Audience 165 media people Terry Gross 165 media people Garrison Keillor 166 chapter8-Television Vignette: Steve Jobs 171 Television in Transition 172 Television Industry in Crisis, 172 . Cultural Role of Television, 172. Enduring Television Effects, 173 Television Technology 173 Electronic Scanning, 173 . Cable Delivery Systems, 175. Satellite Direct, 177 Video on Demand 178 Corporate Structure 179 Dual Infrastructure, 179 . Fragmentation, 184 Economics of Television 186 . Network Advertising, 186 Cable Revenue Streams, 187 VOD Business Models, 188, Noncommercial Television, 188 Television Content Issues, 188 . Quality Quest, 189 Network Violence, 189 Government Role, 191 . Untethering Television's Future 191 Time Shifts, 192 . Space Shifts, 192 . Advertising Shifts, 192 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media people Philo Farnsworth 174 media timeline Television Technology 175 media people Ed Porsons 176 media databank Cable and Satellite Delivery Companies 178 media technology Digital Television 178 media databank Television Chains 180 media people María Celeste Arrar s 181 media people Debra Lee 182 media technology Video on Demand 186 media databank Cross-Ownership 187 media databank Income-Based Viewership 190 media technology Mobile Televisios 193 chapter9-The Internet Vignette: Sebastian Babolat 197 Influence of the Internet 198 New Mass Medium, 198 . Scope of the Internet, 199 . New Terminology, 199 Internet Technology 200 Underlying Technologies, 200 . Creating the Internet, 201 . World Wide Web, 202 . Bandwidth, 204 Reshaping the Internet 206 Wi-Fi, 217 . Ultrawideband, 207 . Mesh Networks, 207 Commerce and the Internet 207 Advertising-Free Origins, 208 . Dot-Com Bubble, 208 . Internet Advertising, 208 . Tracking Internet Traffic, 209 Evaluating the Internet 209 Strengths of Internet Sites, 209 . Accuracy, 210 Media Melding 211 Technological Convergence, 211 . Transition Ahead, 211 . Government Deregulation, 213 Public Policy and the Internet 213 Blogs, 213 . Privacy and the Internet, 215 . Cyberpornography, 215 . Universal Access, 216 . Global Inequities, 216 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media timeline Internet 199 media people William Shockley 200 media people Vint Cerf 202 media people Tim Berners-Lee 203 media people Mark Antreessen 205 media technology Carbon Nanotubes 206 media databank Movie Advertising 208 case study Do We Need Net Neutrality? 212 media people Glenn Reynolds 215 chapter10-News Vignette: Naomi Oreskes 221 Journalism Traditions 222 Colonial Period, 223 . Partisan Period, 223 . Penny Period, 225 . Yellow Period, 228 Concepts of News 230 U.S. Model, 230 . European Model, 230 . Evolving News Models, 232 Defining Objectivity 233 Personal Values in News 233 Role of the Journalist, 233 . Journalists' Personal Values, 235 . Journalistic Bias, 236 Variables Affecting News 238 News Hole, 238 . News Flow and News Staffing, 238 . Perceptions About Audience, 238 . Availability of Material, 239 . Competition, 239 Influences on News 239 Advertiser Influence, 220 . Corporate Policy, 240 . Source Pressure, 241 Confidential Sources 241 News on Condition, 241 . Shield Laws, 242 . Parsing Interview Conditions, 244 . Gatekeeping, 244 Journalism Trends 245 Nonstop Coverage, 245 . Live News, 245 . Unedited Blogs, 246 . Exploratory News, 247 . Soft News, 247 Identifying Good Journalism 247 Audience Dimensions, 247 . Evaluative Criteria, 247 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING KEEPING UP TO DATE DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY FOR FURTHER LEARNING media timeline Journalistic Practices 224 media people Benjamin Day 225 media people James Gordon Bennett 227 media people Seymour Hersh 232 media people Ida Wells-Barnett 234 media databank National Public Radio Audiences 237 media people Earl Caldwell 242 case study Are Journalists Who Publish Classified Information Criminals? 243 media people Oriana Fallaci 246 chapter11-Public Relations Vignette: Peter Diamantis 251 Importance of Public Relations 252 Defining Public Relations, 252 . Public Relations in a Democracy, 253 Origins of Public Relations 254 Moguls in Trouble, 254 . The Ideas of Ivy Lee, 255 . Public Relations on a New Scale, 267 . Lobbyist-Journalist Balance, 258 Structure of Public Relations 259 Policy Role of Public Relations, 259 . How Public Relations Is Organized, 259 . Public Relations Agencies, 260 Public Relations Services 261 Activities Beyond Publicity, 261 . Public Relations and Advertising, 263 . Integrated Marketing, 234 Media Relations 265 Open Media Relations, 265 . Proactive Media Relations, 266 . Ambivalence in Media Relations, 267 . Adversarial Public Relations, 268 Professionalization 270 Tarnished Image, 270 . Standards and Certification, 272 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media timeline Public Relations 254 media people Paul Garrett 258 media databank Public Relations Agencies 260 media people Jack Abramoff 262 media people Edward Bernays 270 media people Leslie Unger 271 chapter12-Advertising Vignette: Bob Greenberg 275 Importance of Advertising 276 Consumer Economies, 276 . Advertising and Prosperity, 276 . Advertising and Democracy, 277 Origins of Advertising 277 Stepchild of Technology, 277 . Industrial Revolution, 278 . Pioneer Agencies, 279 Advertising Agencies 279 Agency Structure, 279 . Agency Compensation, 280 . Advertiser's Role in Advertising, 280 Placing Advertisements 281 Media Plans, 281 . Media Choices, 281 New Advertising Platforms 283 Gaming, 283 ¿ Advergames, 284 ¿ Google Ads, 284 Pitching Messages 285 Importance of Brands, 285 . Lowest Common Denominator, 286 . Market Segments, 286 . Redundancy Techniques, 287 . Under-the-Radar Advertising, 287 . Post-Brand-Name Era, 289 Research and Psychology 289 Motivational Research, 289 . Subliminal Advertising, 290 Advertising Regulation 291 Media Gatekeeping, 291 . Industry Self-Regulation, 292 . Government Regulation, 294 Problems and Issues 295 Advertising Clutter, 295 . Creative Excesses, 295 . Advertising Effectiveness, 296 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media databank Largest Advertisers 277 media timeline Development of Advertising 278 media databank Advertising Agencies 280 media databank Advertising Spending by Medium 282 media databank Gaming Ads 284 media people Dave Balter 296 media technology Measuring Creativity 297 chapter13-Entertainment Vignette: Jerry Bruckheimer 301 Entertainment in History 302 Pre-Mass Media Roots, 302 . Technology-Driven Entertainment, 302 . Entertainment Genres, 303 Performance as Media Entertainment 304 Authentic Performance, 304 . Mediated Performance, 304 Storytelling as Media Entertainment 305 Genres of Literature, 305 . Trends and Fads, 305 Music as Media Entertainment 307 American Folk Music, 307 . Early Rock 'n' Roll, 308 . Music as Multimedia Content, 308 Sports as Media Entertainment 309 Mass Audiences for Sports, 309 . Audience and Advertiser Confluence, 310 . Sports and the Web, 310 Gaming as Media Content 311 Growing Entertainment Form, 311 ¿ Impact of Gaming, 311 Sex as Media Entertainment 313 Adult Content, 313 . Decency Requirements, 314 . Sexual Content and Children, 314 ¿ Censorship and Gaming, 315 Evaluating Media Content 315 Media Content as Art, 315 . Production-Line Entertainment, 316 . Copycat Content, 316 . Cross-Media Adaptations, 316 . Unpretentious Media Content, 317 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media databank Record Sales by Genre 303 media people Protest Musicians 306 media databank Television Episodes 307 media technology Digital DJs 309 media databank Leading Games 311 media people Shigeru Miyamoto 312 media databank Game Publishers 313 media people Nelly 317 chapter14-Media Research Vignette: Susan Whiting 322 Public-Opinion Sampling 322 The Surveying Industry, 322 . Probability Sampling, 323 . Quota Sampling, 326 . Evaluating Surveys, 326 . Latter-Day Straw Polls, 327 Measuring Audience Size 328 Newspaper and Magazine Audits, 328 . Broadcast Ratings, 329 . Audience Measurement Techniques, 329 . Internet Audience Measures, 330 . Multimedia Measures, 331 . Criticism of Ratings, 332 Measuring Audience Reaction 335 Focus Groups, 335 . Galvanic Skin Checks, 335 . Prototype Research, 336 Audience Analysis 336 Demographics, 36 . Cohort Analysis, 336 . Geodemographics, 337 . Psychographics, 338 Applied and Theoretical Research 339 Media-Sponsored Research, 339 . Mass Communication Scholarship, 340 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media timeline Media Research 323 media people George Gallup 325 media people Andy Kohut 327 case study Ratings Technology: A2/M2 Coming to a Cell Phone Near You 330 media databank Cohort Analysis 337 chapter15-Mass Communication Vignette: Wilbur Schramm 343 Types of Communication 344 Intrapersonal Communication, 344 . Interpersonal Communication, 344 . Group Communication, 344 . Mass Communication, 345 Components of Mass Communication 345 Mass Communicators, 346 . Mass Messages, 347 . Mass Media, 347 . Mass Communication, 347 . Mass Audiences, 347 Communication Models 347 Role of Communication Models, 348 . Basic Model, 348 . Narrative Model, 348 . Concentric Circle Model, 348 Fundamentals in the Process 350 Stimulation, 350 . Encoding, 350 . Transmission, 351 . Decoding, 351 . Internalization, 351 Players in the Process 352 Gatekeepers, 352 . Regulators, 352 . Gatekeeper-Regulator Hybrids, 353 Impediments to Communication 353 Noise, 353 . Filters, 354 Results of Mass Communication 355 Amplification, 355 . Feedback, 355 . Effects, 356 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media people David Sarnoff 346 chapter16-Mass Media Effects Vignette: Orson Welles 359 Effects Studies 360 Powerful Effects Theory, 360 . Minimalist Effects Theory, 361 . Cumulative Effects Theory, 362 . Third-Person Effect, 363 . Future Theories, 363 Uses and Gratifications Studies 364 Challenges to Audience Passivity, 364 . Surveillance Function, 364 . Socialization Function, 365 . Diversion Function, 365 . Consistency Theory, 366 Individual Selectivity 366 Selective Exposure, 366 . Selective Perception, 367 . Selective Retention and Recall, 367 Socialization 368 Media's Initiating Role, 368 . Role Models, 368 . Stereotyping, 369 . Socialization Via Eavesdropping, 370 Media-Depicted Violence 371 Learning About Violence, 371 . Media Violence as Positive, 371 . Prodding Socially Positive Action, 372 . Media Violence as Negative, 372 . Catalytic Theory, 373 . Societally Debilitating Effects, 374 . Media Violence and Youth, 374 . Tolerance of Violence, 376 . Violence Studies, 377 Media Agenda-Setting for Individuals 379 Media Selection of Issues, 379 . Intramedia Agenda-Setting, 379 Media-Induced Anxiety and Apathy 380 Information Anxiety, 380 . Media-Induced Passivity, 381 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE For further learning media timeline Understanding Mass Media Effects 362 media people Steve Schild 363 media people Kathleen Rutledge 370 media timeline Mass Communication and Violence 372 media people Peggy Charren 375 media people Sam Peckinpah 376 media people George Gerbner 378 chapter17-Mass Media and Society Vignette: Marshall McLuhan 385 Mass Media Role in Culture 386 Elitist versus Populist Values, 386 . The Case Against Pop Art, 388 . Pop Art Revisionism, 388 Social Stability 390 Media-Induced Ritual, 390 . Media and the Status Quo, 391 . Media and Cognitive Dissonance, 392 . Agenda-Setting and Status Conferral, 393 . Media and Morality, 393 Cultural Transmission 396 Historical Transmission, 396 . Contemporary Transmission, 397 Mass Media and Fundamental Change 398 Human Alienation, 398 . Television and the Global Village, 399 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media timeline Mass Communication and Culture 387 media people Shonda Rhimes 391 case study Media Advocacy: Will It Make a Difference? 394 media databank Diversity in the News 395 chapter18-Global Mass Media Vignette: Jean-Jacques Gomez 403 Mass Media and Nation-States 404 Global Communication, 404 . Friedman Globalization Model, 405 Global Conglomeration 405 Multinational Companies, 405 . The Internet and Globalization, 406 Effects of Globalization 407 Cultural Subversiveness, 407 . Corporate Ideology, 407 Cultural Intrusion 407 Latter-Day Imperialism, 408 . Non-Downward Media Exchanges, 409 . Emerging Global Media, 410 . Insidious Western Influence, 411 . Transnational Cultural Enrichment, 411 . Esperanto, 412 Global Media Models 412 Bipolar Model, 412 . Continuum Model, 412 . Compass Model, 413 . Change Model, 414 . Subsystem Model, 415 Global Media Players 416 News Agencies, 416 . Video News Services, 417 . Syndicates, 418 Global Media Companies 418 U.S.-Based Companies, 418 . Non-U.S. Companies, 419 . Global Media Brand Names, 419 Mass Media in China 420 Chinese Policy, 420 ¿ Chinese Firewall, 421 ¿ Internal Chinese Controls, 421 ¿ Chinese Censorship Apparatus, 421 ¿ Chinese Overt Controls, 422 ¿ Chinese Broadcasting, 423 Distinctive Media Systems 424 Britain, 424 . India, 425 . Japan, 426 . Russia, 426 . Colombia, 427 War Zones 428 Combat Reporting, 428 . Early Lessons, 428 . Pool Reporting, 430 . Embedded Reporters, 430 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media people Herbert Schiller 408 media databank Movie Power 410 media databank MTV Subscribers 420 media technology China and EVD 422 media people Jineth Bedoya Lima 428 media people Orhan Pamuk 429 chapter19-Mass Media and Governance Vignette: Arnold Schwarzenegger 435 Media Role in Governance 436 Fourth Estate, 436 . Government-Media Relations, 437 Media as Information Sources 439 Direct versus Indirect, 439 . Citizen Preferences, 439 Media Effects on Governance 440 Agenda-Setting, 440 . CNN Effect, 440 . Framing, 441 . Priming, 441 . Media Obsessions, 443 Government Manipulation of Media 444 Influencing Coverage, 444 . Trial Balloons and Leaks, 445 . Stonewalling, 446 . Overwhelming Information, 446 Status of the Watchdog 446 Federal Coverage, 446 ¿ State Coverage, 448 ¿ Campaign Coverage, 449 . Attack Ads, 450 Campaign Blogs 450 Blogs and 2008, 450 . Campaign Blog Research, 452 . Sponsored Blogs, 452 Media-Government Issues 452 Political Favors, 453 ¿ Campaign Advertising, 453 ¿ Free Airtime 454 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media people Donna Brazile 437 media people Helen Thomas 442 media people Tony Snow 447 chapter20-Mass Media Law Vignette: Jon Lech Johansen 457 The U.S. Constitution 458 First Amendment, 458 . Scope of the First Amendment, 459 Prior Restraint 459 Public Nuisances, 459 . Allowable Abridgments, 461 . Incitement Standard, 463 . Hate Speech, 464 . Flag Burning, 464 Defamation 464 The Libel Concept, 465 . Reckless Disregard, 465 . Comment and Criticism, 467 . Trespass, Fraud and Libel, 468 Privacy Law 468 Intruding on Solitude, 468 . Harassment, 469 Journalism Law 469 Court Coverage, 469 . Sunshine Laws, 470 Obscenity and Pornography 471 Import Restrictions, 471 . Postal Restrictions, 471 . Communications Decency Act, 472 . Pornography versus Obscenity, 472 Censorship Today 472 Local Censorship, 473 . Library and School Boards, 473 Copyright 474 How Copyright Works, 474 . Infringement Issues, 474 . Piracy, 475 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media timeline Landmarks in Media Law 459 media people Jay Near 460 media people Clarence Brandenburg 463 media people Joseph Gutnick 466 chapter21-Ethics and the Mass Media Vignette: Jim DeFede 479 The Difficulty of Ethics 480 Prescriptive Ethics Codes, 480 . Conflict in Duties, 481 . Promoting Self-Interest, 483 Media Ethics 483 Media Commitment, 483 . Audience Expectation, 483 . Ethics as an Intellectual Process, 484 Moral Principles 484 The Golden Mean, 484 . "Do unto Others," 485 . Categorical Imperatives, 485 . Utilitarian Ethics, 485 . Pragmatic Ethics, 486 . Egalitarian Ethics, 486 . Social Responsibility Ethics, 486 Process versus Outcome 487 Deontological Ethics, 487 . Teleological Ethics, 488 . Situational Ethics, 488 Potter's Box 489 Four Quadrants, 489 . Limitations of Potter's Box, 490 Ethics and Other Issues 491 Differentiating Ethics and Law, 491 . Accepted Practices, 491 . Prudence and Ethics, 491 Unsettled, Unsettling Issues 493 Plagiarism, 493 . Misrepresentation, 494 . Gifts, Junkets and Meals, 498 CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY KEEPING UP TO DATE FOR FURTHER LEARNING media people Charlie Gay 482 media timeline Development of Media Ethics 486 media people Ted Cohen 492 media people James Frey 495 case study Prepackaged News: Who Funds Advocacy? 497 Online chapters available at: www.ablongman.com/vivian8e Passcode: BWSVME-CLONK-GROSZ-GIPON-LOBBY-NOOSE Also available on MyMassCommLab at: www.mymasscommlab.com chapter22-VisualMessages Vignette: Al Diaz Early Media Illustrations Engravings . Editorial Cartoons . Comics Photographic Technology Invention of Photography . Halftones . Digital Captures Photography in Mass Communication Visual Messages . Troublesome Word Medium Cameras, Films and Techniques Stopping Motion . Celluloid . Smaller Cameras . Faster Film . Instant Photography Documentary Photography Mathew Brady . Frontier Photography . Depression Photography Persuasive Photography Illustrating Advertisements . Illustrating a Cause Poignantly Reality Photography Newspapers . Magazines . Moving Visuals Evaluating Visual Messages Images as Evocative . Recognition of Excellence Visual Issues Imitative or Creative . Image Ownership . Image Misrepresentation . Access for Photographers . Intruding CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING media timeline Photography Technology media timeline Visual Media Breakthroughs media abroad Germany: Leica Cameras media people Mathew Brady media people Margaret Bourke-White media people Alfred Eisenstaedt chapter23-Media andPolitical Systems Vignette: John Twyn Four Theories Model Political Systems . Siebert, Peterson and Schramm Authoritarian Media Henry VIII . Authoritarian Control . Effectiveness of Controls . Nature of Truth Communist Media Marxist Underpinnings . Marxist Notion of Truth . Media Unified with Government Libertarian Model Optimism About the Human Mind . Marketplace of Ideas . First Amendment . Libertarians and Religion Social Responsibility Model Challenges to Libertarianism . Hutchins Commission Freedom and Responsibility Responsibility versus Profitability . Exceptions to Social Responsibility Media Future: Political and Media Systems CHAPTER WRAP-UP QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING media abroad Distinguishing Media Systems media timeline Political Media Models media abroad Greece and Libertarianism media people Elijah Lovejoy media abroad Ombuds Index 503 PART ONE THE MASS MEDIA The mass media are the vehicles that carry mass messages. Television is a mass medium. So is the Internet. Magazines too. In all, there are eight major mass media. An entire industry has been built up around each of these major media. This first section of your book includes an introductory chapter and then deals with each of these major mass media. PART TWO MASS MESSAGES The mass media carry all kinds of messages-earth-shaking news, frivolous horoscopes, reality television, hard rock, Brahms, and Nike ads. This section of your book takes up the major forms of media messages. Mass messages are not unique to any medium. News, for example, is as much at home in a newspaper as on the Internet and television. Public relations and advertising people don't limit themselves to any single medium to deliver their persuasive messages. To be sure, there are many other forms of mass media messages, but these are the major ones. PART THREE MASS MEDIA ISSUES This final section builds on what you learned in earlier sections about the mass media and about messages that media carry to their audiences. Every chapter is self-contained, so you can explore them in any order your instructor assigns. Each chapter is a springboard to improve your understanding and appreciation of the mass media and their role in every day of our lives as individuals and as a global society. Features Case Studies Are Journalists Who Publish Classified Information Criminals? 243 Authors as Franchise: J. D. Robb and Nora Roberts 45 Do We Need Net Neutrality? 212 Media Advocacy: Will It Make a Difference? 394 More Power for Low Power 159 Podcasting: The New Revolution? 116 Prepackaged News: Who Funds Advocacy? 497 Ratings Technology: A2/M2 Coming to a Cell Phone Near You 330 Media Databank Advertising Agencies 280 Advertising Spending by Medium 282 Best U.S. Newspapers 77 Big-Budget Movies 128 Biggest U.S. Media Companies 21 Bookstore Chains 36 Cable and Satellite Delivery Companies 178 Cohort Analysis 337 Cross-Ownership 187 Diversity in the News 395 Game Publishers 313 Gaming Ads 284 Global Box Office 137 Income-Based Viewership 190 Largest Advertisers 277 Largest U.S. Newspapers 55 Leading Games 311 Magazine Advertising Revenue 88 Major Movie Studios 132 Major Movie-House Chains 139 Major Trade Book Publishers 34 Media Costs 14 Media Usage 3 Movie Advertising 208 Movie Power 410 Movie Ratings 142 Movie Revenue 125 MTV Subscribers 420 National Public Radio Audiences 237 Newspaper Chains 58 Newsroom Salaries 60 NPR News Audience 165 Public Relations Agencies 260 Radio Chains 157 Radio Formats 162 Record Sales by Genre 303 Recorded Music Genres 110 Recording Companies 103 Television Chains 180 Television Episodes 307 Media People 50 Cent 104 Adolph Zukor 133 Andy Kohut 327 Bella Price 90 Benjamin Day 225 Bob and Harvey Weinstein 136 Charlie Gay 482 Christina Saralegui 5 Clarence Brandenburg 463 Dave Balter 296 David Sarnoff 346 Debra Lee 182 DeWitt and Lila Wallace 87 Donna Brazile 437 Earl Caldwell 242 Ed Porsons 176 Edward Bernays 270 Edward R. Murrow 163 Frank Miller 39 Garrison Keillor 166 George Gallup 325 George Gerbner 378 George Gilder 69 Glenn Reynolds 215 Gordon McLendon 161 Harriet Beecher Stowe 33 Helen Thomas 442 Herbert Schiller 408 Howard Stern 158 Ida Wells-Barnett 234 J. K. Rowling 42 Jack Abramoff 262 James Frey 495 James Gordon Bennett 227 Jane Friedman 41 Jay Near 460 Jineth Bedoya Lima 428 Johannes Gutenberg 7 John Brinkley 153 Joseph Gutnick 466 Kathleen Rutledge 370 Leslie Unger 271 Lourdes Portillo 130 Margaret Bourke-White 86 María Celeste Arrar s 181 Mark Antreessen 205 Mark Cuban 127 Myles Kovacs 95 Nelly 317 Orhan Pamuk 429 Oriana Fallaci 246 Paul Garrett 258 Peggy Charren 375 Philo Farnsworth 174 Protest Musicians 306 Robert Flaherty 131 Rupert Murdoch 20 Sam Peckinpah 376 Sara Josepha Hale 89 Seymour Hersh 232 Shigeru Miyamoto 312 Shonda Rhimes 391 Steve Schild 363 Steven Spielberg 135 Ted Cohen 492 Terry Gross 165 Tim Berners-Lee 203 Tony Snow 447 Vint Cerf 202 Vivendi Mastermind 25 William Holmes McGuffey 32 William Shockley 200 Media Technology Airplay for Sale 157 Albums: The Rise and Fall 112 Carbon Nanotubes 206 China and EVD 422 Computer-Generated Imagery 129 Digital DJs 309 Digital Television 178 DualDisc 108 Espresso Machine Brews Books 40 Measuring Creativity 297 Mobile Television 193 Newspaper Production 56 Sound Mixing 113 Video on Demand 186 Media Timeline Development of Advertising 278 Development of Books 31 Development of Media Ethics 486 Internet 199 Journalistic Practices 224 Landmarks in Media Law 459 Magazines 83 Mass Communication and Culture 387 Mass Communication and Violence 372 Media Research 323 Media Technology 8 Movie Censorship 140 Movie Exhibition 138 Movie Technology 126 Notable Dailies 61 Public Relations 254 Radio 151 Radio Networks 154 Record Industry 107 Recording Formats 105 Television Technology 175 Understanding Mass Media Effects 362