Includes glossary and index.

1. Contents
2. Preface
1 Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
1.1 Approaching Chemistry: Experimentation
1.2 Chemistry and the Elements
1.3 Elements and the Periodic Table
1.4 Some Chemical Properties of the Elements
1.5 Experimentation and Measurement
1.6 Measuring Mass
1.7 Measuring Length
1.8 Measuring Temperature
1.9 Derived Units: Measuring Volume
1.10 Derived Units: Measuring Density
1.11 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures in Measurement
1.12 Rounding Numbers
1.13 Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another
3. INTERLUDE Chemicals, Toxicity, and Risk
4. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
5. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1 Conservation of Mass and the Law of Definite Proportions
2.2 Dalton's Atomic Theory and the Law of Multiple Proportions
2.3 The Structure of Atoms: Electrons
2.4 The Structure of Atoms: Protons and Neutrons
2.5 Atomic Number
2.6 Atomic Mass
2.7 Compounds and Mixtures
2.8 Molecules, Ions, and Chemical Bonds
2.9 Acids and Bases
2.10 Naming Chemical Compounds
6. INTERLUDE Are Atoms Real?
7. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
8. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
3 Formulas, Equations, and Moles
3.1 Balancing Chemical Equations
3.2 Chemical Symbols on Different Levels
3.3 Avogadro's Number and the Mole
3.4 Stoichiometry: Chemical Arithmetic
3.5 Yields of Chemical Reactions
3.6 Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants
3.7 Concentrations of Reactants in Solution: Molarity
3.8 Diluting Concentrated Solutions
3.9 Solution Stoichiometry
3.10 Titration
3.11 Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
3.12 Determining Empirical Formulas: Elemental Analysis
3.13 Determining Molecular Masses: Mass Spectrometry
9. INTERLUDE Did Ben Franklin Have Avogadro's Number?
10. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
11. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution
4.1 Some Ways that Chemical Reactions Occur
4.2 Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution
4.3 Aqueous Reactions and Net Ionic Equations
4.4 Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines
4.5 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions
4.6 Oxidation/Reduction (Redox) Reactions
4.7 Identifying Redox Reactions
4.8 The Activity Series of the Elements
4.9 Balancing Redox Reactions: The Oxidation-Number Method
4.10 Balancing Redox Reactions: The Half-Reaction Method
4.11 Redox Titrations
4.12 Some Applications of Redox Reactions
12. INTERLUDE Green Chemistry
13. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
14. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
5 Periodicity and Atomic Structure
5.1 Development of the Periodic Table
5.2 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
5.3 Electromagnetic Energy and Atomic Line Spectra
5.4 Particlelike Properties of Electromagnetic Energy
5.5 Wavelike Properties of Matter 169
5.6 Quantum Mechanics and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
5.7 Wave Functions and Quantum Numbers
5.8 The Shapes of Orbitals
5.9 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Line Spectra
5.10 Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
5.11 Orbital Energy Levels in Multielectron Atoms
5.12 Electron Configurations of Multielectron Atoms
5.13 Some Anomalous Electron Configurations
5.14 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
5.15 Electron Configurations and Periodic Properties: Atomic Radii
15. INTERLUDE Compact Fluorescent Lights: Saving Energy through Atomic Line Spectra
16. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
17. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
6 Ionic Bonds and Some Main-Group
18. Chemistry
6.1 Ions and Their Electron Configurations
6.2 Ionic Radii
6.3 Ionization Energy
6.4 Higher Ionization Energies
6.5 Electron Affinity
6.6 Ionic Bonds and the Formation of Ionic Solids
6.7 Lattice Energies in Ionic Solids
6.8 The Octet Rule
6.9 Chemistry of the Group 1A Elements: Alkali Metals
6.10 Chemistry of the Group 2A Elements: Alkaline Earth Metals
6.11 Chemistry of the Group 3A Elements: Aluminum
6.12 Chemistry of the Group 7A Elements: Halogens
6.13 Chemistry of the Group 8A Elements: Noble Gases
19. INTERLUDE Salt 232
20. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
21. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
7 Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure
7.1 The Covalent Bond
7.2 Strengths of Covalent Bonds
7.3 A Comparison of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
7.4 Polar Covalent Bonds: Electronegativity
7.5 Electron-Dot Structures
7.6 Electron-Dot Structures of Polyatomic Molecules
7.7 Electron-Dot Structures and Resonance
7.8 Formal Charges
7.9 Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Model
7.10 Valence Bond Theory
7.11 Hybridization and sp3 Hybrid Orbitals
7.12 Other Kinds of Hybrid Orbitals
7.13 Molecular Orbital Theory: The Hydrogen Molecule
7.14 Molecular Orbital Theory: Other Diatomic Molecules
7.15 Combining Valence Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital
22. Theory
23. INTERLUDE Molecular Shape, Handedness, and Drugs
24. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
25. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
8 Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy
8.1 Energy
8.2 Energy Changes and Energy Conservation
8.3 Internal Energy and State Functions
8.4 Expansion Work
8.5 Energy and Enthalpy
8.6 The Thermodynamic Standard State
8.7 Enthalpies of Physical and Chemical Change
8.8 Calorimetry and Heat Capacity
8.9 Hess's Law
8.10 Standard Heats of Formation
8.11 Bond Dissociation Energies
8.12 Fossil Fuels, Fuel Efficiency, and Heats of Combustion
8.13 An Introduction to Entropy
8.14 An Introduction to Free Energy
26. INTERLUDE Biofuels 330
27. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
28. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
9 Gases: Their Properties and Behavior
9.1 Gases and Gas Pressure
9.2 The Gas Laws
9.3 The Ideal Gas Law
9.4 Stoichiometric Relationships with Gases
9.5 Partial Pressure and Dalton's Law
9.6 The Kinetic/Molecular Theory of Gases
9.7 Graham's Law: Diffusion and Effusion of Gases
9.8 The Behavior of Real Gases
9.9 The Earth's Atmosphere
29. INTERLUDE Inhaled Anesthetics
30. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
31. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
10 Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes
10.1 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments
10.2 Intermolecular Forces
10.3 Some Properties of Liquids
10.4 Phase Changes
10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point
10.6 Kinds of Solids
10.7 Probing the Structure of Solids: X-Ray Crystallography
10.8 Unit Cells and the Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids
10.9 Structures of Some Ionic Solids
10.10 Structures of Some Covalent Network Solids
10.11 Phase Diagrams
32. INTERLUDE Ionic Liquids
33. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
34. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
11 Solutions and Their Properties
11.1 Solutions
11.2 Energy Changes and the Solution Process
11.3 Units of Concentration
11.4 Some Factors Affecting Solubility
11.5 Physical Behavior of Solutions: Colligative Properties
11.6 Vapor-Pressure Lowering of Solutions: Raoult's Law
11.7 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression of
35. Solutions
11.8 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
11.9 Some Uses of Colligative Properties
11.10 Fractional Distillation of Liquid Mixtures
36. INTERLUDE Dialysis
37. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
38. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
12 Chemical Kinetics
12.1 Reaction Rates
12.2 Rate Laws and Reaction Order
12.3 Experimental Determination of a Rate Law
12.4 Integrated Rate Law for a First-Order Reaction
12.5 Half-Life of a First-Order Reaction
12.6 Second-Order Reactions
12.7 Zeroth-Order Reactions
12.8 Reaction Mechanisms
12.9 Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions
12.10 Rate Laws for Overall Reactions
12.11 Reaction Rates and Temperature: The Arrhenius Equation
12.12 Using the Arrhenius Equation
12.13 Catalysis
12.14 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts
39. INTERLUDE Enzyme Catalysis
40. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
41. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
13 Chemical Equilibrium
13.1 The Equilibrium State
13.2 The Equilibrium Constant Kc
13.3 The Equilibrium Constant Kp
13.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria
13.5 Using the Equilibrium Constant
13.6 Factors That Alter the Composition of an Equilibrium Mixture: Le
42. Ch¿telier's Principle
13.7 Altering an Equilibrium Mixture: Changes in Concentration
13.8 Altering an Equilibrium Mixture: Changes in Pressure and
43. Volume
13.9 Altering an Equilibrium Mixture: Changes in Temperature
13.10 The Effect of a Catalyst on Equilibrium
13.11 The Link between Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical
44. Kinetics
45. INTERLUDE Breathing and Oxygen Transport
46. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
47. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
14 Aqueous Equilibria: Acids and Bases
14.1 Acid/Base Concepts: The Br¿nsted/Lowry Theory
14.2 Acid Strength and Base Strength
14.3 Hydrated Protons and Hydronium Ions
14.4 Dissociation of Water
14.5 The ph Scale
14.6 Measuring ph
14.7 The ph in Solutions of Strong Acids and Strong Bases
14.8 Equilibria in Solutions of Weak Acids
14.9 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations in Solutions of Weak
48. Acids
14.10 Percent Dissociation in Solutions of Weak Acids
14.11 Polyprotic Acids
14.12 Equilibria in Solutions of Weak Bases
14.13 Relation between Ka and Kb
14.14 Acid/Base Properties of Salts
14.15 Factors That Affect Acid Strength
14.16 Lewis Acids and Bases
49. INTERLUDE Acid Rain
50. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
51. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
15 Applications of Aqueous Equilibria
15.1 Neutralization Reactions
15.2 The Common-Ion Effect
15.3 Buffer Solutions
15.4 The Henderson/Hasselbalch Equation
15.5 ph Titration Curves
15.6 Strong Acid/Strong Base Titrations
15.7 Weak Acid/Strong Base Titrations
15.8 Weak Base/Strong Acid Titrations
15.9 Polyprotic Acid/Strong Base Titrations
15.10 Solubility Equilibria
15.11 Measuring Ksp and Calculating Solubility from Ksp
15.12 Factors That Affect Solubility
15.13 Precipitation of Ionic Compounds
15.14 Separation of Ions by Selective Precipitation
15.15 Qualitative Analysis
52. INTERLUDE Analyzing Proteins by Electrophoresis
53. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
54. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
16 Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and
1 Equilibrium
16.1 Spontaneous Processes
16.2 Enthalpy, Entropy, and Spontaneous Processes: A Brief
55. Review
16.3 Entropy and Probability
16.4 Entropy and Temperature
16.5 Standard Molar Entropies and Standard Entropies of
56. Reaction
16.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
16.7 Free Energy
16.8 Standard Free-Energy Changes for Reactions
16.9 Standard Free Energies of Formation
16.10 Free-Energy Changes and Composition of the Reaction
57. Mixture
16.11 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium
58. INTERLUDE Some Random Thoughts about Entropy
59. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
60. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
17 Electrochemistry
17.1 Galvanic Cells
17.2 Shorthand Notation for Galvanic Cells
17.3 Cell Potentials and Free-Energy Changes for Cell Reactions
17.4 Standard Reduction Potentials
17.5 Using Standard Reduction Potentials
17.6 Cell Potentials and Composition of the Reaction Mixture:
61. The Nernst Equation
17.7 Electrochemical Determination of ph
17.8 Standard Cell Potentials and Equilibrium Constants
17.9 Batteries
17.10 Fuel Cells
17.11 Corrosion
17.12 Electrolysis and Electrolytic Cells
17.13 Commercial Applications of Electrolysis
17.14 Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis
62. INTERLUDE Electrochemical Art
63. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
64. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
18 Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Water
18.1 Hydrogen
18.2 Isotopes of Hydrogen
18.3 Preparation and Uses of Hydrogen
18.4 Reactivity of Hydrogen
18.5 Binary Hydrides
18.6 Oxygen
18.7 Preparation and Uses of Oxygen
18.8 Reactivity of Oxygen
18.9 Oxides
18.10 Peroxides and Superoxides
18.11 Hydrogen Peroxide
18.12 Ozone
18.13 Water
18.14 Reactivity of Water
18.15 Hydrates
65. INTERLUDE A "Hydrogen Economy"
66. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
67. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
19 The Main-Group Elements
19.1 A Review of General Properties and Periodic Trends
19.2 Distinctive Properties of the Second-Row Elements
19.3 The Group 3A Elements
19.4 Boron
19.5 The Group 4A Elements
19.6 Carbon
19.7 Silicon
19.8 Germanium, Tin, and Lead
19.9 The Group 5A Elements
19.10 Nitrogen
19.11 Phosphorus
19.12 The Group 6A Elements
19.13 Sulfur
19.14 The Halogens: Oxoacids and Oxoacid Salts
68. INTERLUDE Photocopiers
69. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
70. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
20 Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry
20.1 Electron Configurations
20.2 Properties of Transition Elements
20.3 Oxidation States of Transition Elements
20.4 Chemistry of Selected Transition Elements
20.5 Coordination Compounds
20.6 Ligands
20.7 Naming Coordination Compounds
20.8 Isomers
20.9 Enantiomers and Molecular Handedness
20.10 Color of Transition Metal Complexes
20.11 Bonding in Complexes: Valence Bond Theory
20.12 Crystal Field Theory
71. INTERLUDE Titanium: A High-Tech Metal
72. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
73. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
21 Metals and Solid-State Materials
21.1 Sources of the Metallic Elements
21.2 Metallurgy
21.3 Iron and Steel
21.4 Bonding in Metals
21.5 Semiconductors
21.6 Semiconductor Applications
21.7 Superconductors
21.8 Ceramics
21.9 Composites
74. INTERLUDE Nanotechnology
75. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
76. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
22 Nuclear Chemistry
22.1 Nuclear Reactions and Their Characteristics
22.2 Nuclear Reactions and Radioactivity
22.3 Radioactive Decay Rates
22.4 Nuclear Stability
22.5 Energy Changes during Nuclear Reactions
22.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
22.7 Nuclear Transmutation
22.8 Detecting and Measuring Radioactivity
22.9 Biological Effects of Radiation
22.10 Applications of Nuclear Chemistry
77. INTERLUDE The Origin of Chemical Elements
78. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
79. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
23 Organic Chemistry
23.1 The Nature of Organic Molecules
23.2 Alkanes and Their Isomers
23.3 Drawing Organic Structures
23.4 The Shapes of Organic Molecules
23.5 Naming Alkanes
23.6 Cycloalkanes
23.7 Reactions of Alkanes
23.8 Families of Organic Molecules: Functional Groups
23.9 Alkenes and Alkynes
23.10 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
23.11 Aromatic Compounds and Their Reactions
23.12 Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines
23.13 Aldehydes and Ketones
23.14 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides
23.15 Synthetic Polymers
80. INTERLUDE Natural or Synthetic?
81. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
82. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
24 Biochemistry
24.1 Biochemical Energy
24.2 Amino Acids and Peptides
24.3 Amino Acids and Molecular Handedness
24.4 Proteins
24.5 Levels of Protein Structure
24.6 Carbohydrates
24.7 Handedness of Carbohydrates
24.8 Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
24.9 Some Common Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
24.10 Lipids
24.11 Nucleic Acids
24.12 Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson/Crick Model
24.13 Nucleic Acids and Heredity
83. INTERLUDE DNA Fingerprinting
84. Summary - Key Words - Key Concept Problems -
85. Section Problems - Chapter Problems - Multi-Concept Problems
86. Appendix A Mathematical Operations
87. Appendix B Thermodynamic Properties at 25 ¡C
88. Appendix C Equilibrium Constants at 25 ¡C
89. Appendix D Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 ¡C
90. Appendix E Properties of Water
91. Appendix F Key Concept Summaries
92. Answers to Selected Problems
93. Glossary
94. Index
95. Photo Credits
96. Interludes