PATTERNS AND TECHNIQUES

Patterns of Explanation

Time Arrangement

from Samuel Eliot Morison and Henry Steele Commager. Independence and the Great Declaration

Space Arrangement

from Carl Sandburg, The Assassination of Lincoln

Cause-to-Effect Arrangement

from Harry L. Shapiro, Anthropology's Contribution to Inter-Racial Understanding

Comparison and Contrast

from Alfred H. Barr, What Is Modern Painting?

Analogy

from Charlton Laird, The Miracle of the Desart

Analysis

from Aaron Copland, The Creative Process in Music

Familiar-to-Unfamiliar Arrangement from Thomas Henry Huxley, The Method of Scientific Investigation

Climactic Arrangement from John Stuart Mill, The Limits of Government Interference

Explanation by Example from Vance Packard, The Growing Power of Admen

Sample Analysis from Rachel Carson, The Marginal World

Techniques of Argument

THE LOGIC OF ARGUMENT

Argument Based on Details from Malcolm Cowley, William Faulkner's Legend of the South

Argument Based on General Principle from Henry David Thoreau, Higher Laws

Argument Based on Causal Relations from Douglas Bush, The Humanities

Argument by Analogy: The Literal Analogy from Sylvia Wright, Self-Consciousness, Culture, and the Carthaginians

Argument by Analogy: The Figurative Analogy from C. S. Lewis, Mere Christianity

Argument by Authority from William H. Whyte, Jr., A Generation of Bureaucrats

Sample Analysis Aldous Huxley, from Notes on Liberty and the Boundaries of the Promised Land

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ARGUMENT

The Writer or Speaker and the Audience from Newton N. Minow, Program Control

Modes of Attack: The Attack Direct from Dwight MacDonald, The Bible in Modern Undress

Modes of Attack: The Attack Indirect from Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal

Arrangement

from Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Progressive Government

English