Contents

Preface to Second Edition
Acknowledgements

Introduction to Second Edition

1. Size Matters
1.1 The Fundamental Importance of Size
1.2 The Magnetic Behavior of Nanoparticles
1.3 The Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials
1.4 The Chemical Properties of Nanoparticles
1.5 Nanoparticles Interacting with Bacteria and Viruses Problems
Problems
References

2. Nanoparticles and the Environment
2.1 Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere
2.2 Atmospheric Nanoparticles and Health
2.2.1 Entry via the Lungs
2.2.2 Entry via the Intestines
2.2.3 Nanoparticles and the Skins
2.2.4 Air Quality Specifications
2.3 Nanoparticles and Clouds
2.4 Marine Aerosol
2.5 Effect of Cosmic Rays on Atmospheric Aerosol
2.6 Nanoparticles in Space
2.7 Environmental Applications of Nanoparticles
2.7.1 Water Remediation Using Magnetic Nanoparticles
2.7.2 Conversion of Waste Plastics to High Grade Materials (Upcycling) Problems
Problems
References

3. Carbon Nanostructures: Bucky Balls and Nanotubes
3.1 Why Carbon?
3.2 Discovery of the First Fullerene- C60
3.3 Structural Symmetry of the Closed Fullerenes
3.4 Smaller Fullerenes and "Shrink-Wrapping" Atoms
3.5 Larger Fullerenes
3.6 Electronic Properties of Individual Fullerenes
3.7 Materials Produced by Assembling Fullerenes
3.8 Discovery of Carbon Nanotubes
3.9 Structure of Single Wall Carbon Nano-tubes (SWNTs)
3.10 Electronics Properties of (SWNTs)
3.11 Electronic Transport in Carbon Nano-tubes
3.12 Field Emission from Carbon Nano-tubes
3.13 Mechanical Properties of Nano-tubes
3.14 Thermal Conductivity of Nano-tubes
3.15 Carbon Nanohorns
3.16 Carbon Nanobuds and Pea Pods
Problems
References

4. Graphene
4.1 Background
4.1.1 Low-Dimensional Materials
4.1.2 Discovery of Graphene
4.2 Electrical Properties of Graphene
4.2.1 Electrical Conduction in Normal Metals
4.2.2 Electrical Conduction in Semiconductors
4.2.3 Electrical Conduction in Graphene
4.3 Graphene as a testbed for Relativistic Quantum Effects
4.4 Thermal Conductivity of Graphene
4.5 Mechanical strength of Graphene
4.6 Superconductivity of Graphene Bilayers
4.7 Current Technological Applications of Graphene
4.7.1 Graphene Batteries
4.7.2 Graphene Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) Accelerometers
4.7.3 Graphene Memrances for Water Desalination
4.8 Summary
Problems
References

5. The Nanotechnology Toolkit
5.1 Making Nanostructures Using Bottom - Up Methods
5.1.1 Making Nanoparticles Using Supersaturated Vapor
5.1.2 Sources Producing Nanoparticle Beams in Vacuum
5.1.3 Synthesis of Alloy, Core-Shell, and Janus Nanoparticles
5.1.4 Mass Selection of Charged Nanoparticle Beans and Vacuum
5.1.5 Aerodynamic Lensing and Mass Selection of Neutral Nanoparticles
5.1.6 Plasma, Spark and Flame Metal Aerosol Sources
5.1.7 Size Selection of Nanoparticle of Aerosols
5.1.8 Chemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Liquid Suspensions
5.1.9 Biological Synthesis of Magnetics Nanoparticles
5.1.10 Gas Phase Synthesis of Hydrosols
5.1.11 Size Determination of Nanoparticles in Liquids
5.1.12 Syntheses of Graphene
5.1.13 Synthesis of Fullerenes
5.1.14 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
5.1.15 Controlling the Growth of SWNTs
5.2 Making Nanostructures Using Top-Down Methods
5.2.1 Electron Beam Lithography
5.2.2 Manufacturing Nanostructures Using Focused Ion Beans
5.3 Combining Bottom-up and Top-down Nanostructures
5.4 Imaging, Probing and Manipulating Nanostructures
5.4.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscope
5.4.2 Manipulating Atoms and Molecules with STM
5.4.3 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS)
5.4.4 Atomic Force Microscopy
5.4.5 AFM Imaging of Biological Samples in Liquids
5.4.6 Dip-Pen Nanolithography
5.4.7 Electron Microscopy
Problems
References

6. Single Nanoparticles Devices
6.1 Data Storage on Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.2 Quantum Dots
6.3 Quantum Dot Solar Cells
6.4 Nanoparticles as Transistors
6.5 Carbon Nano-Electronics
6.5.1 Fullerene Set
6.5.2 Porphyrin Molecular Set
6.5.3 Carbon Nano-Tube set
6.5.4 Limitations of SETs in Applications and Moving to Multiple Transistors Devices
6.6 Carbon Nano-tube Light Emitters and Detectors
Problems
References

7. Hydrosols, Nanobubbles and Nanoscale Interfaces
7.1 Reynolds Number
7.2 Brownian Motion
7.3 Stability of Hydrosols
7.4 Nanobubbles
7.4.1 Fundamental Considerations
7.4.2 Synthesis of Bulk Nanobubbles
7.4.3 Properties of Bulk Nanobubbles
7.4.4 Surface Nanbubbles
7.4.5 Applications of Nanobubbles
7.5 Nano-fluidics
Problems
References

8. Magic Beacons and Magic Bullets; The Medical Applications of Functional Nanoparticles
8.1 Nanoparticles Interacting with Living Organisms
8.1.1 Targeted Nano-vectors for Therapy and Diagnosis
8.1.2 Uptake of Nanomaterials by the Body
8.1.3 Types of Core Nanoparticles in Nanovectors
8.1.4 Targeting to Tumors by Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR)
8.1.5 Some Elementary Cell Biology
8.1.5.1 The Outer Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
8.1.5.2 Membrane Proteins
8.1.5.3 Internal Cell Structure
8.1.5.4 Cytoskeleton
8.1.6 "Trojan Horse" Targeting Using Stem Cells and Macrophages
8.1.7 Molecular Targeting
8.1.8 Magnetic Targeting
8.2 Treatment of Tumors by Hyperthermia
8.2.1 Biological Response to Heating
8.2.2 Magnetic Nano Particle Hyperthermia(MNH)
8.2.2.1 Current State of the Art in Clinical Trials
8.2.2.2 Limitation on the Applied RF Magnetic Field
8.2.2.3 Heating Mechanisms of Magnetic Nanoparticles in an AMF
8.2.2.4 New Nanoparticles for MNH
8.2.3 Optical Hyperthermia Using Near Infrared Radiation
8.2.4 Hyperthermia with Carbon Nanotubes
8.3 Medical Diagnosis and "Theranostics" Using Nanomaterials
8.3.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Contrast Enhancement Using Magnetic Nanoparticles
8.3.2 Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)
8.3.3 Imaging Using Au Nanoparticles
8.3.4 Imaging Using QDs
8.4 Antibacterial and Antiviral Applications of Nanoparticles
8.4.1 Nanoparticle Delivery Systems for Covid-19 Vaccines
8.4.2 Antibacterial Action of Nanoparticles
8.4.3 Antiviral Action of Nanopaticles
Problems
References

9. Radical Nanotechnology
9.1 Locomotion for Nanobots and Nanofactories
9.1.1 Movement within the Nano-factory Using Kinesin
9.1.2 Moving Small Cargo in the Nano-factory: DNA Walkers
9.1.3 Propulsion for Swimmers
9.2 On-board Processing for Nanomachines
9.3 Medical Micro/Nanobots
9.4 Molecular Assembly
Problems
References

10. Prodding the Cosmic Fabric
10.Zero point Energy of Space
10.2 The Casimir Force
10.3 The Casimir Force in Micro and Nanomachines
10.4 Controlling the Casimir Force Using Phase Change Materials
10.5 Repulsive Casimir Forces
Problems
References

Glossary
Index