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Breast Cancer and Some Epidemiological Factors: A hospital Based Study /Sidra Yaqub

By: Material type: TextTextPublication details: Lahore : Department of Zoology, Div. S&T University of Education, 2018Description: 91 p. CDSubject(s): DDC classification:
  • 599 B7407
Summary: Cancer is a family of maladies which include strange cell development that spreads to different parts of the body. In Asian countries Pakistan has the highest frequency of BC. About 40,000 females died every year due to this disease. The young women are also highly influenced by the disease. In Pakistan one out of every nine female is at the risk of developing breast cancer at any point in her life. To determine the epidemiological factors a questionnaire was formed including different variables linked with BC. The epidemiological factors/variables included in the questionnaire were early termination of pregnancy (TOP), Diabetes mellitus, family history, exercise, therapeutic interventions, diagnosis and education. The study was conducted at INMOL hospital Lahore. Breast Cancer patients (200) were interviewed at a separate place to answer the questions laid down in the questionnaire. Moreover, some extra information was also taken from the attendants of the patients. In addition, Blood was taken from 52 Breast Cancer patients and 37 healthy women to assess the efficiency of HER-2 Neu blood test. Statistical analysis of the data was made by R package. Our findings showed that 50% of the patients were at the age of 45 years at the time of diagnosis. While the Q3 rage indicated that BC were 54 years old at the time of diagnoses. The minimum age at which first pregnancy was experienced by the patient in our data was 14 years. The maximum no. of pregnancies experienced at Q3 was 6. The results further revealed that with the increase of pregnancies (10), the chances of miscarriages (4) also increase. Diabetes was found associated with the breast cancer. 22% patients of Breast Cancer were diabetic and 78% were not. On the other hand 38% patients were taking exercise and 62% were not. Similarly, we noted that 41% of breast cancer patients had no education. The present study also evaluated the efficiency of HER-2 Neu, diagnostic marker for the patients of breast cancer. The distribution of HER-2 Neu for case and control group showed that HER-2 Neu data had high dispersion value for case than control groups. The median value for Her-2 Neu was substantially high in the control group than in the case group. The results revealed that, the HER-2 Neu values were significantly higher (P= 0.2923) in the case patients compared with the control patients. To analyze the efficiency of HER-2 Neu as diagnostic tool, ROC analyses were performed. The point on the curve at which the sum of sensitivity and specificity was maximum indicated Se=0.731 and (Sp) =0.49 achieved at a cut point of HER-2 Neu˃0.6153. The results further showed that 73% of patients with BC were correctly diagnosed as having BC, while 49% of those without BC were correctly diagnosed (with 27% of BC patients and 51% of non-BC patients incorrectly diagnosed). We found AUC value for this test was 0.57, with 1 being a perfect test, and 0.5 being equivalent to random allocation. Based on this, HER-2 Neu would be considered to be poor as a diagnostic tool. We conclude that 50% of BC patients were diagnosed at 45 years of age. 75% of the patients experienced miscarriages that aggravated the situation even more. HER-2 Neu has emerged as poor diagnostic-test which has moderate sensitivity and specificity.
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Cancer is a family of maladies which include strange cell development that spreads to different parts of the body. In Asian countries Pakistan has the highest frequency of BC. About 40,000 females died every year due to this disease. The young women are also highly influenced by the disease. In Pakistan one out of every nine female is at the risk of developing breast cancer at any point in her life. To determine the epidemiological factors a questionnaire was formed including different variables linked with BC. The epidemiological factors/variables included in the questionnaire were early termination of pregnancy (TOP), Diabetes mellitus, family history, exercise, therapeutic interventions, diagnosis and education. The study was conducted at INMOL hospital Lahore. Breast Cancer patients (200) were interviewed at a separate place to answer the questions laid down in the questionnaire. Moreover, some extra information was also taken from the attendants of the patients. In addition, Blood was taken from 52 Breast Cancer patients and 37 healthy women to assess the efficiency of HER-2 Neu blood test. Statistical analysis of the data was made by R package. Our findings showed that 50% of the patients were at the age of 45 years at the time of diagnosis. While the Q3 rage indicated that BC were 54 years old at the time of diagnoses. The minimum age at which first pregnancy was experienced by the patient in our data was 14 years. The maximum no. of pregnancies experienced at Q3 was 6. The results further revealed that with the increase of pregnancies (10), the chances of miscarriages (4) also increase. Diabetes was found associated with the breast cancer. 22% patients of Breast Cancer were diabetic and 78% were not. On the other hand 38% patients were taking exercise and 62% were not. Similarly, we noted that 41% of breast cancer patients had no education. The present study also evaluated the efficiency of HER-2 Neu, diagnostic marker for the patients of breast cancer. The distribution of HER-2 Neu for case and control group showed that HER-2 Neu data had high dispersion value for case than control groups. The median value for Her-2 Neu was substantially high in the control group than in the case group. The results revealed that, the HER-2 Neu values were significantly higher (P= 0.2923) in the case patients compared with the control patients. To analyze the efficiency of HER-2 Neu as diagnostic tool, ROC analyses were performed. The point on the curve at which the sum of sensitivity and specificity was maximum indicated Se=0.731 and (Sp) =0.49 achieved at a cut point of HER-2 Neu˃0.6153. The results further showed that 73% of patients with BC were correctly diagnosed as having BC, while 49% of those without BC were correctly diagnosed (with 27% of BC patients and 51% of non-BC patients incorrectly diagnosed). We found AUC value for this test was 0.57, with 1 being a perfect test, and 0.5 being equivalent to random allocation. Based on this, HER-2 Neu would be considered to be poor as a diagnostic tool. We conclude that 50% of BC patients were diagnosed at 45 years of age. 75% of the patients experienced miscarriages that aggravated the situation even more. HER-2 Neu has emerged as poor diagnostic-test which has moderate sensitivity and specificity.

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