| Summary, etc |
Particulate Matter (PM) strongly affects the living beings and climate of a particular region or area.<br/>Current research work emphasizes on calculation of mass concentration, size distribution,<br/>chemical composition and the source apportionment in provincial capital of Pakistan (Lahore).<br/>The PM was collectedusing MOUDI Impactor rotating model 110 – R for a specific time period<br/>i.e. from November, 2016 to February, 2017. The average standard deviation in mass<br/>concentrations of total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), coarser particulate matter (PM10),<br/>fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ultra-fine particulate matter (PM0.1) were observed to be 932.36<br/>± 70.82, 517.77 ± 35.27, 210 ±17.77 and 204.59 ± 17.78µgm-3, respectively. TSPM, PM10, PM2.5<br/>and PM0.1 samples were analyzed chemically for 23 elements including Na, P, K, S, Ca, Mn, Fe,<br/>Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Sr, Pb, Cl2, Cd, Cr, Sb, Sn, Se, Mg, Ni, Ba and Al using X-ray fluorescence<br/>spectrometry (XRF). The crustal enrichment factors (EF) were calculated using Fe as a reference<br/>for the trace metal species to identify the sourcesas crustal elements with EF ≤ 1, weak crustal<br/>elements with 1 ≤ EF ≤ 5 and non-crustal elements with EF > 5. US-EPA Positive Matrix<br/>Factorization (PMF) model was used for source apportionment of PM10, PM2.5 and PM0.1. Five<br/>possible sources were analyzed in PM10, PM2.5 and PM0.1 and observations reveal that road and<br/>industrial dust, vehicular emissions, iron and steel industry, oil burning in various sectors and<br/>biomass burning contribute 26.84, 29.4, 14.3, 15.8 and 13.7% to PM10 mass, 28.5, 25.2, 19.1, 110.3<br/>and 16.8% to PM2.5 mass and 27.4, 23.3, 17.6, 21.7 and 10% to PM0.1 mass, respectively. NOAA<br/>HYSPLIT online model was run for time duration of 24 hours using GDAS Meteorological Data<br/>over three heights i.e. 500, 1000 and 1500 m from the sea level. Moreover, the backward trajectory<br/>analysis after adjusting the geographical location of Lahore at 31.93N to 74.58E, suggested that<br/>PM sources are located at Indian Punjab, Jammu Kashmir, Afghanistan, deserts of Sindh, cities of<br/>Pakistan located at motorways, GT road and local sources of Lahore itself.<br/>Keywords: Particulate Matter; Mass concentrations; GDAS Meteorological Data; Climate<br/>change. |
