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Features List xvii<br/>Preface xix<br/>About the Author xxvi<br/>Award for Excellence xxvii<br/>chapter1-Mass Media Literacy<br/>Vignette: Arthur Sulzberger Jr. 1<br/>Importance of Mass Media 2<br/>Pervasiveness, 2 . Information Source, 3 . Entertainment Source, 3 . Persuasion Forum, 4<br/>Culture and Values 4<br/>Binding Influence, 4 . 500-Channel Universe, 5<br/>Primary Mass Media 6<br/>Print Technology, 6 . Chemical Technology, 8 . Electronic Technology, 8<br/>Technology Melds 9<br/>Print-Visual Integration, 9 . Digital Integration, 10<br/>MSM and New Media 10<br/>Mainstream Media, 10 . New Media, 11<br/>Mass Media Models 11<br/>Hot-Cool Model, 11 . Entertainment-Information Model, 11 . Content-Distribution <br/>Model, 12 . Elitist-Populist Model, 13<br/>Economics of Mass Media 14<br/>Economic Foundation, 14 . Economic Imperative, 17 . Mission and Profit, 17 . <br/>Perils of Profit and Myopia, 18 ¿ Demassification, 18<br/>Media Conglomeration 19<br/>Media Ownership Consolidation, 19 . Media Ownership Collaboration, 19 . Dubious <br/>Effects of Conglomeration, 21 . Positive Effects of Conglomeration, 24 . Conglomeration <br/>Cracks, 24<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>For Further Learning <br/>media databank Media Usage 3<br/>media people Christina Saralegui 5<br/>media people Johannes Gutenberg 7<br/>media timeline Media Technology 8<br/>media databank Media Costs 14<br/>media people Rupert Murdoch 20<br/>media databank Biggest U.S. Media Companies 21<br/>media people Vivendi Mastermind 25<br/>chapter2-Books<br/>Vignette: Richard Sarnoff 29<br/>Influence of Books 30<br/>Books in Human History, 30 . Repository of Culture, 31 . Books in National <br/>Development, 31 . Books and Current Issues, 32<br/>Book Industry 33<br/>Scope of Book Industry, 33 . Major Houses, 34 . Book Industry Consolidation, 34 . <br/>Small Publishers, 34 . Book Retailing, 35<br/>Book Products 36<br/>Trade Books, 37 . Texts and References, 37 . Graphic Novels, 38<br/>Transformational Formats 39<br/>Paperback Books, 39 . Electronic Books, 40<br/>Book Authors 41<br/>Authoring Process, 41 . Author-Publisher Relations, 43<br/>Book Issues and Trends 44<br/>Blockbusters, 44 . Mass Marketing, 44 . Aliteracy, 46 . Global Online Access, 47 <br/>Google Library Project, 47. European Response 48<br/>Evaluating Books 48<br/>Populist Measures, 48 . Quality Measures, 49<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media timeline Development of Books 31<br/>media people William Holmes McGuffey 32<br/>media people Harriet Beecher Stowe 33<br/>media databank Major Trade Book Publishers 34<br/>media databank Bookstore Chains 36<br/>media people Frank Miller 39<br/>media technology Espresso Machine Brews Books 40<br/>media people Jane Friedman 41<br/>media people J. K. Rowling 42<br/>case study Authors as Franchise: J. D. Robb and Nora Roberts 45<br/>chapter3-Newspapers<br/>Vignette: Mary Junck 53<br/>Importance of Newspapers 54<br/>Newspaper Industry Dimensions, 54 . Content Diversity and Depth, 55<br/>Newspaper Products 56<br/>Broadsheets, 56 . Tabloids, 56<br/>Newspaper Chain Ownership 58<br/>Trend Toward Chains, 58 . Assessing Chain Ownership, 59<br/>National Dailies 60<br/>USA Today, 60 . Wall Street Journal, 62 . Christian Science Monitor, 64<br/>New York Times 65<br/>Newspaper of Record, 65 . New York Times Heritage, 65 <br/>Hometown Newspapers 67<br/>Metropolitan Dailies, 67 . Hometown Dailies, 68<br/>Future for Dailies 68<br/>Multimedia News, 68 . Newspaper Blogs, 70 . New Efficiencies, 70 . Clustering, 71 . <br/>Marketing Databases, 72<br/>Weekly Newspapers 72<br/>Community Weeklies, 72 . Rural Weeklies, 73 . Shoppers, 73<br/>Alternative and Minority Newspapers 73<br/>Counterculture Newspapers, 73 . Black Newspapers, 74 . Foreign-Language <br/>Newspapers, 75<br/>Evaluating Newspapers 76<br/>Circulation and Penetration, 76 . Quality Indicators, 77<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY<br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media databank Largest U.S. Newspapers 55<br/>media technology Newspaper Production 56<br/>media databank Newspaper Chains 58<br/>media databank Newsroom Salaries 60<br/>media timeline Notable Dailies 61<br/>media people George Gilder 69<br/>media databank Best U.S. Newspapers 77<br/>chapter4-Magazines<br/>Vignette: Bonnie Fuller 81<br/>Influence of Magazines 82<br/>Contributing to Nationhood, 82 . National Advertising Medium, 83 . Massive Magazine <br/>Audience, 83<br/>Magazines as Media Innovators 84<br/>Investigative Reporting, 84 . Personality Profiles, 84 . Photojournalism, 84<br/>Consumer Magazines 85<br/>Circulation Leaders, 85 . Newsmagazines, 86 . Newspaper Supplements, 87 . Women's <br/>Magazines, 88 . Men's Magazines, 88<br/>Non-Newsrack Magazines 89<br/>Sponsored Magazines, 90 . Trade Journals, 91 . Criticism of Trade Magazines, 91 . <br/>Newsletters, 92<br/>Magazine Demassification 92<br/>Heyday of Mass Magazines, 92 . Assault from Television, 92 . A Narrower Focus, 93 . <br/>Critics of Demassification, 94 . New Competition, 95 . Internet Magazines, 95<br/>Evaluating Magazines 96<br/>Populist Measures, 96 . Quality Measures, 97 . Reader Usage Measure, 98<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media timeline Magazines 83<br/>media people Margaret Bourke-White 86<br/>media people DeWitt and Lila Wallace 87<br/>media databank Magazine Advertising Revenue 88<br/>media people Sara Josepha Hale 89<br/>media people Bella Price 90<br/>media people Myles Kovacs 95<br/>chapter5-Sound Recording<br/>Vignette: Shawn Fanning 101<br/>Influence of Sound Recordings 102<br/>Pervasiveness of Music, 102 . Scope of the Recording Industry, 102<br/>Recording Industry 103<br/>Majors, 103 . Indies, 103<br/>Transforming Innovations 104<br/>Sound Technology, 105 . Performer Influences, 106<br/>Regulatory Pressure 109<br/>Objectionable Music, 109 . Labeling, 109 . Artistic Freedom, 110<br/>Artistic Autonomy 111<br/>A&R Structure, 111 . Music Demassification, 112 . Touring, 112<br/>Streaming Crisis 114<br/>File-Sharing, 114 . iPod, 114 . Pirate Dubbing, 115<br/>Evaluating Recording Companies 117<br/>Populist Measures, 117 . Quality Measures, 118<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media databank Recording Companies 103<br/>media people 50 Cent 104<br/>media timeline Recording Formats 105<br/>media timeline Record Industry 107<br/>media technology DualDisc 108<br/>media databank Recordede Music Genres 110<br/>media technology Albums: The Rise and Fall 112<br/>media technology Sound Mixing 113<br/>case study Podcasting: The New Revolution? 116<br/>chapter6-Movies<br/>Vignette: John Lasseter 121<br/>Importance of Movies 122<br/>Overwhelming Experience, 122 . Cinemate Dream Theory, 123 Hollywood's Cultural Influence, 123<br/>Hollywood's New Century, 124 Movie Technology, 125<br/>Adaptation from Photography, 125 . D-Cinema, 126<br/>Movie Industry Structure 127<br/>Feature Films, 127 . Animated Films, 128 . Documentaries, 130<br/>Television Production, 132<br/>Movie Industry Production, 132. Major Studios, 132 . Other Studios, 134.<br/>Independent Producers, 134 Movie Industry Distribution, 136<br/>Booking Movies, 136 Foreign Distribution, 137<br/>Movie Industry: Exhibition, 137. What Edison Wrought, 137 . Exhibition Crisis, 139. <br/>Movie Censorship, 139 Early Licensing, 139 Government Intimidation, 140<br/>Movies and First Amendment, 141<br/>Current Movie Code, 142 Media Literacy and Movies, 143, Box Ofice and Grosses, 143<br/>Movie Criticism, 143<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media databank Movie Revenue 125<br/>media timeline Movie Technology 126<br/>media people Mark Cuban 127<br/>media databang Big-Budget Movies 128<br/>media technology Computer-Generated Imagery 129<br/>media people Lourdes Portillo 130<br/>media people Robert Flaherty 131<br/>media databank Major Movie Studios 132<br/>media people Adolph Zukor 133<br/>media people Steven Spielberg 135<br/>media people Bob and Harvey Weinstein 136<br/>media databank Global Box Office 137<br/>media timeline Movie Exhibition 138<br/>media databank Major Movie-House Chains 139<br/>media timeline Movie Censorship 140<br/>media databank Movie Ratings 142<br/>chapter7-Radio<br/>Vignette: Paul Harvey 147<br/>Influence of Radio 148<br/>Ubiquity, 148 . Scope of Radio Industry, 149<br/>Radio Technology 149<br/>Electromagnetic Spectrum, 149 . Transmitting Voices, 149 . FM Radio, 150<br/>Radio Industry Infrastructure 150<br/>Trusteeship Rationale, 151 . Localism, 152 . Networks, 153<br/>Infrastructure Transition 154<br/>Historical Characteristics, 154 . Deregulation, 155 . Satellite Radio, 156 <br/>New Technologies, 156<br/>Corporate Radio 157<br/>Chain Ownership, 157 . New Corporate Tune, 158<br/>Radio Content 160<br/>Radio Entertainment, 160 . Radio News, 161 . Talk Radio, 163 . Public Radio, 165<br/>Quality on the Air 167<br/>Marketplace Values, 167 . Measuring Quality, 167<br/>Radio Trends 167<br/>High-Definition Radio, 168 . Bundled Transmission, 168<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>for further learning <br/>media timeline Radio 151<br/>media people John Brinkley 153<br/>media timeline Radio Networks 154<br/>media technology Airplay for Sale 157<br/>media databank Radio Chains 157<br/>media people Howard Stern 158<br/>case study More Power for Low Power 159<br/>media people Gordon McLendon 161<br/>media databank Radio Formats 162<br/>media people Edward R. Murrow 163<br/>media databank NPR News Audience 165<br/>media people Terry Gross 165<br/>media people Garrison Keillor 166<br/>chapter8-Television<br/>Vignette: Steve Jobs 171<br/>Television in Transition 172<br/>Television Industry in Crisis, 172 . Cultural Role of Television, 172. Enduring Television Effects, 173<br/>Television Technology 173<br/>Electronic Scanning, 173 . Cable Delivery Systems, 175. Satellite Direct, 177<br/>Video on Demand 178<br/>Corporate Structure 179<br/>Dual Infrastructure, 179 . Fragmentation, 184<br/>Economics of Television 186 . Network Advertising, 186<br/>Cable Revenue Streams, 187 VOD Business Models, 188, Noncommercial Television, 188<br/>Television Content Issues, 188 . Quality Quest, 189 Network Violence, 189<br/>Government Role, 191 . <br/>Untethering Television's Future 191<br/>Time Shifts, 192 . Space Shifts, 192 . Advertising Shifts, 192<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media people Philo Farnsworth 174<br/>media timeline Television Technology 175<br/>media people Ed Porsons 176<br/>media databank Cable and Satellite Delivery Companies 178<br/>media technology Digital Television 178<br/>media databank Television Chains 180<br/>media people María Celeste Arrar s 181<br/>media people Debra Lee 182<br/>media technology Video on Demand 186<br/>media databank Cross-Ownership 187<br/>media databank Income-Based Viewership 190<br/>media technology Mobile Televisios 193<br/>chapter9-The Internet<br/>Vignette: Sebastian Babolat 197<br/>Influence of the Internet 198<br/>New Mass Medium, 198 . Scope of the Internet, 199 . New Terminology, 199<br/>Internet Technology 200<br/>Underlying Technologies, 200 . Creating the Internet, 201 . World Wide Web, 202 . <br/>Bandwidth, 204<br/>Reshaping the Internet 206<br/>Wi-Fi, 217 . Ultrawideband, 207 . Mesh Networks, 207<br/>Commerce and the Internet 207<br/>Advertising-Free Origins, 208 . Dot-Com Bubble, 208 . Internet Advertising, 208 . <br/>Tracking Internet Traffic, 209<br/>Evaluating the Internet 209<br/>Strengths of Internet Sites, 209 . Accuracy, 210<br/>Media Melding 211<br/>Technological Convergence, 211 . Transition Ahead, 211 . Government Deregulation, <br/>213<br/>Public Policy and the Internet 213<br/>Blogs, 213 . Privacy and the Internet, 215 . Cyberpornography, 215 . Universal Access, <br/>216 . Global Inequities, 216<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media timeline Internet 199<br/>media people William Shockley 200<br/>media people Vint Cerf 202<br/>media people Tim Berners-Lee 203<br/>media people Mark Antreessen 205<br/>media technology Carbon Nanotubes 206<br/>media databank Movie Advertising 208<br/>case study Do We Need Net Neutrality? 212<br/>media people Glenn Reynolds 215<br/>chapter10-News<br/>Vignette: Naomi Oreskes 221<br/>Journalism Traditions 222<br/>Colonial Period, 223 . Partisan Period, 223 . Penny Period, 225 . Yellow Period, 228<br/>Concepts of News 230<br/>U.S. Model, 230 . European Model, 230 . Evolving News Models, 232<br/>Defining Objectivity 233<br/>Personal Values in News 233<br/>Role of the Journalist, 233 . Journalists' Personal Values, 235 . Journalistic Bias, 236<br/>Variables Affecting News 238<br/>News Hole, 238 . News Flow and News Staffing, 238 . Perceptions About Audience, 238 <br/>. Availability of Material, 239 . Competition, 239<br/>Influences on News 239<br/>Advertiser Influence, 220 . Corporate Policy, 240 . Source Pressure, 241<br/>Confidential Sources 241<br/>News on Condition, 241 . Shield Laws, 242 . Parsing Interview Conditions, 244 . <br/>Gatekeeping, 244<br/>Journalism Trends 245<br/>Nonstop Coverage, 245 . Live News, 245 . Unedited Blogs, 246 . Exploratory News, 247 <br/>. Soft News, 247<br/>Identifying Good Journalism 247<br/>Audience Dimensions, 247 . Evaluative Criteria, 247<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media timeline Journalistic Practices 224<br/>media people Benjamin Day 225<br/>media people James Gordon Bennett 227<br/>media people Seymour Hersh 232<br/>media people Ida Wells-Barnett 234<br/>media databank National Public Radio Audiences 237<br/>media people Earl Caldwell 242<br/>case study Are Journalists Who Publish Classified Information Criminals? 243<br/>media people Oriana Fallaci 246<br/>chapter11-Public Relations<br/>Vignette: Peter Diamantis 251<br/>Importance of Public Relations 252<br/>Defining Public Relations, 252 . Public Relations in a Democracy, 253<br/>Origins of Public Relations 254<br/>Moguls in Trouble, 254 . The Ideas of Ivy Lee, 255 . Public Relations on a New Scale, <br/>267 . Lobbyist-Journalist Balance, 258<br/>Structure of Public Relations 259<br/>Policy Role of Public Relations, 259 . How Public Relations Is Organized, 259 . Public <br/>Relations Agencies, 260<br/>Public Relations Services 261<br/>Activities Beyond Publicity, 261 . Public Relations and Advertising, 263 . Integrated <br/>Marketing, 234<br/>Media Relations 265<br/>Open Media Relations, 265 . Proactive Media Relations, 266 . Ambivalence in Media <br/>Relations, 267 . Adversarial Public Relations, 268<br/>Professionalization 270<br/>Tarnished Image, 270 . Standards and Certification, 272<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media timeline Public Relations 254<br/>media people Paul Garrett 258<br/>media databank Public Relations Agencies 260<br/>media people Jack Abramoff 262<br/>media people Edward Bernays 270<br/>media people Leslie Unger 271<br/>chapter12-Advertising<br/>Vignette: Bob Greenberg 275<br/>Importance of Advertising 276<br/>Consumer Economies, 276 . Advertising and Prosperity, 276 . Advertising and <br/>Democracy, 277<br/>Origins of Advertising 277<br/>Stepchild of Technology, 277 . Industrial Revolution, 278 . Pioneer Agencies, 279<br/>Advertising Agencies 279<br/>Agency Structure, 279 . Agency Compensation, 280 . Advertiser's Role in Advertising, <br/>280<br/>Placing Advertisements 281<br/>Media Plans, 281 . Media Choices, 281<br/>New Advertising Platforms 283<br/>Gaming, 283 ¿ Advergames, 284 ¿ Google Ads, 284<br/>Pitching Messages 285<br/>Importance of Brands, 285 . Lowest Common Denominator, 286 . Market Segments, 286 <br/>. Redundancy Techniques, 287 . Under-the-Radar Advertising, 287 . Post-Brand-Name <br/>Era, 289<br/>Research and Psychology 289<br/>Motivational Research, 289 . Subliminal Advertising, 290<br/>Advertising Regulation 291<br/>Media Gatekeeping, 291 . Industry Self-Regulation, 292 . Government Regulation, 294<br/>Problems and Issues 295<br/>Advertising Clutter, 295 . Creative Excesses, 295 . Advertising Effectiveness, 296<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media databank Largest Advertisers 277<br/>media timeline Development of Advertising 278<br/>media databank Advertising Agencies 280<br/>media databank Advertising Spending by Medium 282<br/>media databank Gaming Ads 284<br/>media people Dave Balter 296<br/>media technology Measuring Creativity 297<br/>chapter13-Entertainment<br/>Vignette: Jerry Bruckheimer 301<br/>Entertainment in History 302<br/>Pre-Mass Media Roots, 302 . Technology-Driven Entertainment, 302 . Entertainment <br/>Genres, 303<br/>Performance as Media Entertainment 304<br/>Authentic Performance, 304 . Mediated Performance, 304<br/>Storytelling as Media Entertainment 305<br/>Genres of Literature, 305 . Trends and Fads, 305<br/>Music as Media Entertainment 307<br/>American Folk Music, 307 . Early Rock 'n' Roll, 308 . Music as Multimedia Content, <br/>308<br/>Sports as Media Entertainment 309<br/>Mass Audiences for Sports, 309 . Audience and Advertiser Confluence, 310 . Sports and <br/>the Web, 310<br/>Gaming as Media Content 311<br/>Growing Entertainment Form, 311 ¿ Impact of Gaming, 311<br/>Sex as Media Entertainment 313<br/>Adult Content, 313 . Decency Requirements, 314 . Sexual Content and Children, 314 ¿ Censorship and Gaming, 315<br/>Evaluating Media Content 315<br/>Media Content as Art, 315 . Production-Line Entertainment, 316 . Copycat Content, 316 <br/>. Cross-Media Adaptations, 316 . Unpretentious Media Content, 317<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media databank Record Sales by Genre 303<br/>media people Protest Musicians 306<br/>media databank Television Episodes 307<br/>media technology Digital DJs 309<br/>media databank Leading Games 311<br/>media people Shigeru Miyamoto 312<br/>media databank Game Publishers 313<br/>media people Nelly 317<br/>chapter14-Media Research<br/>Vignette: Susan Whiting 322<br/>Public-Opinion Sampling 322<br/>The Surveying Industry, 322 . Probability Sampling, 323 . Quota Sampling, 326 . <br/>Evaluating Surveys, 326 . Latter-Day Straw Polls, 327<br/>Measuring Audience Size 328<br/>Newspaper and Magazine Audits, 328 . Broadcast Ratings, 329 . Audience Measurement <br/>Techniques, 329 . Internet Audience Measures, 330 . Multimedia Measures, 331 . <br/>Criticism of Ratings, 332<br/>Measuring Audience Reaction 335<br/>Focus Groups, 335 . Galvanic Skin Checks, 335 . Prototype Research, 336<br/>Audience Analysis 336<br/>Demographics, 36 . Cohort Analysis, 336 . Geodemographics, 337 . Psychographics, <br/>338<br/>Applied and Theoretical Research 339<br/>Media-Sponsored Research, 339 . Mass Communication Scholarship, 340<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media timeline Media Research 323<br/>media people George Gallup 325<br/>media people Andy Kohut 327<br/>case study Ratings Technology: A2/M2 Coming to a Cell Phone Near You 330<br/>media databank Cohort Analysis 337<br/>chapter15-Mass Communication<br/>Vignette: Wilbur Schramm 343<br/>Types of Communication 344<br/>Intrapersonal Communication, 344 . Interpersonal Communication, 344 . Group <br/>Communication, 344 . Mass Communication, 345<br/>Components of Mass Communication 345<br/>Mass Communicators, 346 . Mass Messages, 347 . Mass Media, 347 . Mass <br/>Communication, 347 . Mass Audiences, 347<br/>Communication Models 347<br/>Role of Communication Models, 348 . Basic Model, 348 . Narrative Model, 348 . <br/>Concentric Circle Model, 348<br/>Fundamentals in the Process 350<br/>Stimulation, 350 . Encoding, 350 . Transmission, 351 . Decoding, 351 . Internalization, <br/>351<br/>Players in the Process 352<br/>Gatekeepers, 352 . Regulators, 352 . Gatekeeper-Regulator Hybrids, 353<br/>Impediments to Communication 353<br/>Noise, 353 . Filters, 354<br/>Results of Mass Communication 355<br/>Amplification, 355 . Feedback, 355 . Effects, 356<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media people David Sarnoff 346<br/>chapter16-Mass Media Effects<br/>Vignette: Orson Welles 359<br/>Effects Studies 360<br/>Powerful Effects Theory, 360 . Minimalist Effects Theory, 361 . Cumulative Effects <br/>Theory, 362 . Third-Person Effect, 363 . Future Theories, 363<br/>Uses and Gratifications Studies 364<br/>Challenges to Audience Passivity, 364 . Surveillance Function, 364 . Socialization <br/>Function, 365 . Diversion Function, 365 . Consistency Theory, 366<br/>Individual Selectivity 366<br/>Selective Exposure, 366 . Selective Perception, 367 . Selective Retention and Recall, 367<br/>Socialization 368<br/>Media's Initiating Role, 368 . Role Models, 368 . Stereotyping, 369 . Socialization Via <br/>Eavesdropping, 370<br/>Media-Depicted Violence 371<br/>Learning About Violence, 371 . Media Violence as Positive, 371 . Prodding Socially <br/>Positive Action, 372 . Media Violence as Negative, 372 . Catalytic Theory, 373 . <br/>Societally Debilitating Effects, 374 . Media Violence and Youth, 374 . Tolerance of <br/>Violence, 376 . Violence Studies, 377<br/>Media Agenda-Setting for Individuals 379<br/>Media Selection of Issues, 379 . Intramedia Agenda-Setting, 379<br/>Media-Induced Anxiety and Apathy 380<br/>Information Anxiety, 380 . Media-Induced Passivity, 381<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>For further learning <br/>media timeline Understanding Mass Media Effects 362<br/>media people Steve Schild 363<br/>media people Kathleen Rutledge 370<br/>media timeline Mass Communication and Violence 372<br/>media people Peggy Charren 375<br/>media people Sam Peckinpah 376<br/>media people George Gerbner 378<br/>chapter17-Mass Media and Society<br/>Vignette: Marshall McLuhan 385<br/>Mass Media Role in Culture 386<br/>Elitist versus Populist Values, 386 . The Case Against Pop Art, 388 . Pop Art <br/>Revisionism, 388<br/>Social Stability 390<br/>Media-Induced Ritual, 390 . Media and the Status Quo, 391 . Media and Cognitive <br/>Dissonance, 392 . Agenda-Setting and Status Conferral, 393 . Media and Morality, 393<br/>Cultural Transmission 396<br/>Historical Transmission, 396 . Contemporary Transmission, 397<br/>Mass Media and Fundamental Change 398<br/>Human Alienation, 398 . Television and the Global Village, 399<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media timeline Mass Communication and Culture 387<br/>media people Shonda Rhimes 391<br/>case study Media Advocacy: Will It Make a Difference? 394<br/>media databank Diversity in the News 395<br/>chapter18-Global Mass Media<br/>Vignette: Jean-Jacques Gomez 403<br/>Mass Media and Nation-States 404<br/>Global Communication, 404 . Friedman Globalization Model, 405<br/>Global Conglomeration 405<br/>Multinational Companies, 405 . The Internet and Globalization, 406<br/>Effects of Globalization 407<br/>Cultural Subversiveness, 407 . Corporate Ideology, 407<br/>Cultural Intrusion 407<br/>Latter-Day Imperialism, 408 . Non-Downward Media Exchanges, 409 . Emerging Global <br/>Media, 410 . Insidious Western Influence, 411 . Transnational Cultural Enrichment, 411 <br/>. Esperanto, 412<br/>Global Media Models 412<br/>Bipolar Model, 412 . Continuum Model, 412 . Compass Model, 413 . Change Model, <br/>414 . Subsystem Model, 415<br/>Global Media Players 416<br/>News Agencies, 416 . Video News Services, 417 . Syndicates, 418<br/>Global Media Companies 418<br/>U.S.-Based Companies, 418 . Non-U.S. Companies, 419 . Global Media Brand Names, <br/>419<br/>Mass Media in China 420<br/>Chinese Policy, 420 ¿ Chinese Firewall, 421 ¿ Internal Chinese Controls, 421 ¿ Chinese<br/>Censorship Apparatus, 421 ¿ Chinese Overt Controls, 422 ¿ Chinese Broadcasting, 423<br/>Distinctive Media Systems 424<br/>Britain, 424 . India, 425 . Japan, 426 . Russia, 426 . Colombia, 427<br/>War Zones 428<br/>Combat Reporting, 428 . Early Lessons, 428 . Pool Reporting, 430 . Embedded <br/>Reporters, 430<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media people Herbert Schiller 408<br/>media databank Movie Power 410<br/>media databank MTV Subscribers 420<br/>media technology China and EVD 422<br/>media people Jineth Bedoya Lima 428<br/>media people Orhan Pamuk 429<br/>chapter19-Mass Media and Governance<br/>Vignette: Arnold Schwarzenegger 435<br/>Media Role in Governance 436<br/>Fourth Estate, 436 . Government-Media Relations, 437<br/>Media as Information Sources 439<br/>Direct versus Indirect, 439 . Citizen Preferences, 439<br/>Media Effects on Governance 440<br/>Agenda-Setting, 440 . CNN Effect, 440 . Framing, 441 . Priming, 441 . Media <br/>Obsessions, 443<br/>Government Manipulation of Media 444<br/>Influencing Coverage, 444 . Trial Balloons and Leaks, 445 . Stonewalling, 446 . <br/>Overwhelming Information, 446<br/>Status of the Watchdog 446<br/>Federal Coverage, 446 ¿ State Coverage, 448 ¿ Campaign Coverage, 449<br/> . Attack Ads, 450<br/>Campaign Blogs 450<br/>Blogs and 2008, 450 . Campaign Blog Research, 452 . Sponsored Blogs, 452<br/>Media-Government Issues 452<br/>Political Favors, 453 ¿ Campaign Advertising, 453 ¿ Free Airtime 454<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media people Donna Brazile 437<br/>media people Helen Thomas 442<br/>media people Tony Snow 447<br/>chapter20-Mass Media Law<br/>Vignette: Jon Lech Johansen 457<br/>The U.S. Constitution 458<br/>First Amendment, 458 . Scope of the First Amendment, 459<br/>Prior Restraint 459<br/>Public Nuisances, 459 . Allowable Abridgments, 461 . Incitement Standard, 463 . Hate <br/>Speech, 464 . Flag Burning, 464<br/>Defamation 464<br/>The Libel Concept, 465 . Reckless Disregard, 465 . Comment and Criticism, 467 . <br/>Trespass, Fraud and Libel, 468<br/>Privacy Law 468<br/>Intruding on Solitude, 468 . Harassment, 469<br/>Journalism Law 469<br/>Court Coverage, 469 . Sunshine Laws, 470<br/>Obscenity and Pornography 471<br/>Import Restrictions, 471 . Postal Restrictions, 471 . Communications Decency Act, 472 . <br/>Pornography versus Obscenity, 472<br/>Censorship Today 472<br/>Local Censorship, 473 . Library and School Boards, 473<br/>Copyright 474<br/>How Copyright Works, 474 . Infringement Issues, 474 . Piracy, 475<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media timeline Landmarks in Media Law 459<br/>media people Jay Near 460<br/>media people Clarence Brandenburg 463<br/>media people Joseph Gutnick 466<br/>chapter21-Ethics and the Mass Media<br/>Vignette: Jim DeFede 479<br/>The Difficulty of Ethics 480<br/>Prescriptive Ethics Codes, 480 . Conflict in Duties, 481 . Promoting Self-Interest, 483<br/>Media Ethics 483<br/>Media Commitment, 483 . Audience Expectation, 483 . Ethics as an Intellectual Process, <br/>484<br/>Moral Principles 484<br/>The Golden Mean, 484 . "Do unto Others," 485 . Categorical Imperatives, 485 . <br/>Utilitarian Ethics, 485 . Pragmatic Ethics, 486 . Egalitarian Ethics, 486 . Social <br/>Responsibility Ethics, 486<br/>Process versus Outcome 487<br/>Deontological Ethics, 487 . Teleological Ethics, 488 . Situational Ethics, 488<br/>Potter's Box 489<br/>Four Quadrants, 489 . Limitations of Potter's Box, 490<br/>Ethics and Other Issues 491<br/>Differentiating Ethics and Law, 491 . Accepted Practices, 491 . Prudence and Ethics, 491<br/>Unsettled, Unsettling Issues 493<br/>Plagiarism, 493 . Misrepresentation, 494 . Gifts, Junkets and Meals, 498<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP <br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW <br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING <br/>DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY <br/>KEEPING UP TO DATE <br/>FOR FURTHER LEARNING <br/>media people Charlie Gay 482<br/>media timeline Development of Media Ethics 486<br/>media people Ted Cohen 492<br/>media people James Frey 495<br/>case study Prepackaged News: Who Funds Advocacy? 497<br/>Online chapters available at: <br/>www.ablongman.com/vivian8e<br/>Passcode:<br/>BWSVME-CLONK-GROSZ-GIPON-LOBBY-NOOSE<br/>Also available on MyMassCommLab at:<br/>www.mymasscommlab.com<br/>chapter22-VisualMessages <br/>Vignette: Al Diaz<br/>Early Media Illustrations<br/>Engravings . Editorial Cartoons . Comics<br/>Photographic Technology<br/>Invention of Photography . Halftones . Digital Captures<br/>Photography in Mass Communication<br/>Visual Messages . Troublesome Word Medium<br/>Cameras, Films and Techniques<br/>Stopping Motion . Celluloid . Smaller Cameras . Faster Film . Instant Photography<br/>Documentary Photography<br/>Mathew Brady . Frontier Photography . Depression Photography<br/>Persuasive Photography<br/>Illustrating Advertisements . Illustrating a Cause Poignantly<br/>Reality Photography<br/>Newspapers . Magazines . Moving Visuals<br/>Evaluating Visual Messages<br/>Images as Evocative . Recognition of Excellence<br/>Visual Issues<br/>Imitative or Creative . Image Ownership . Image Misrepresentation . Access for <br/>Photographers . Intruding<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP<br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW<br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING<br/>media timeline Photography Technology<br/>media timeline Visual Media Breakthroughs<br/>media abroad Germany: Leica Cameras<br/>media people Mathew Brady<br/>media people Margaret Bourke-White<br/>media people Alfred Eisenstaedt<br/>chapter23-Media andPolitical Systems <br/>Vignette: John Twyn<br/>Four Theories Model<br/>Political Systems . Siebert, Peterson and Schramm<br/>Authoritarian Media<br/>Henry VIII . Authoritarian Control . Effectiveness of Controls . Nature of Truth<br/>Communist Media<br/>Marxist Underpinnings . Marxist Notion of Truth . Media Unified with Government<br/>Libertarian Model<br/>Optimism About the Human Mind . Marketplace of Ideas . First Amendment . <br/>Libertarians and Religion<br/>Social Responsibility Model<br/>Challenges to Libertarianism . Hutchins Commission<br/>Freedom and Responsibility<br/>Responsibility versus Profitability . Exceptions to Social Responsibility<br/>Media Future: Political and Media Systems<br/>CHAPTER WRAP-UP<br/>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW<br/>QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL THINKING<br/>media abroad Distinguishing Media Systems<br/>media timeline Political Media Models<br/>media abroad Greece and Libertarianism<br/>media people Elijah Lovejoy<br/>media abroad Ombuds<br/>Index 503<br/>PART ONE THE MASS MEDIA<br/>The mass media are the vehicles that carry mass messages. Television is a mass <br/>medium. So is the Internet. Magazines too. In all, there are eight major mass media. <br/>An entire industry has been built up around each of these major media. This first <br/>section of your book includes an introductory chapter and then deals with each of <br/>these major mass media.<br/>PART TWO MASS MESSAGES<br/>The mass media carry all kinds of messages-earth-shaking news, frivolous <br/>horoscopes, reality television, hard rock, Brahms, and Nike ads. This section of your <br/>book takes up the major forms of media messages. Mass messages are not unique to <br/>any medium. News, for example, is as much at home in a newspaper as on the <br/>Internet and television. Public relations and advertising people don't limit <br/>themselves to any single medium to deliver their persuasive messages. To be sure, <br/>there are many other forms of mass media messages, but these are the major ones.<br/>PART THREE MASS MEDIA ISSUES<br/>This final section builds on what you learned in earlier sections about the mass <br/>media and about messages that media carry to their audiences. Every chapter is <br/>self-contained, so you can explore them in any order your instructor assigns. Each <br/>chapter is a springboard to improve your understanding and appreciation of the <br/>mass media and their role in every day of our lives as individuals and as a global <br/>society.<br/>Features<br/>Case Studies<br/>Are Journalists Who Publish Classified Information Criminals? 243<br/>Authors as Franchise: J. D. Robb and Nora Roberts 45<br/>Do We Need Net Neutrality? 212<br/>Media Advocacy: Will It Make a Difference? 394<br/>More Power for Low Power 159<br/>Podcasting: The New Revolution? 116<br/>Prepackaged News: Who Funds Advocacy? 497<br/>Ratings Technology: A2/M2 Coming to a Cell Phone Near You 330<br/>Media Databank<br/>Advertising Agencies 280<br/>Advertising Spending by Medium 282<br/>Best U.S. Newspapers 77<br/>Big-Budget Movies 128<br/>Biggest U.S. Media Companies 21<br/>Bookstore Chains 36<br/>Cable and Satellite Delivery Companies 178<br/>Cohort Analysis 337<br/>Cross-Ownership 187<br/>Diversity in the News 395<br/>Game Publishers 313<br/>Gaming Ads 284<br/>Global Box Office 137<br/>Income-Based Viewership 190<br/>Largest Advertisers 277<br/>Largest U.S. Newspapers 55<br/>Leading Games 311<br/>Magazine Advertising Revenue 88<br/>Major Movie Studios 132<br/>Major Movie-House Chains 139<br/>Major Trade Book Publishers 34<br/>Media Costs 14<br/>Media Usage 3<br/>Movie Advertising 208<br/>Movie Power 410<br/>Movie Ratings 142<br/>Movie Revenue 125<br/>MTV Subscribers 420<br/>National Public Radio Audiences 237<br/>Newspaper Chains 58<br/>Newsroom Salaries 60<br/>NPR News Audience 165<br/>Public Relations Agencies 260<br/>Radio Chains 157<br/>Radio Formats 162<br/>Record Sales by Genre 303<br/>Recorded Music Genres 110<br/>Recording Companies 103<br/>Television Chains 180<br/>Television Episodes 307<br/>Media People<br/>50 Cent 104<br/>Adolph Zukor 133<br/>Andy Kohut 327<br/>Bella Price 90<br/>Benjamin Day 225<br/>Bob and Harvey Weinstein 136<br/>Charlie Gay 482<br/>Christina Saralegui 5<br/>Clarence Brandenburg 463<br/>Dave Balter 296<br/>David Sarnoff 346<br/>Debra Lee 182<br/>DeWitt and Lila Wallace 87<br/>Donna Brazile 437<br/>Earl Caldwell 242<br/>Ed Porsons 176<br/>Edward Bernays 270<br/>Edward R. Murrow 163<br/>Frank Miller 39<br/>Garrison Keillor 166<br/>George Gallup 325<br/>George Gerbner 378<br/>George Gilder 69<br/>Glenn Reynolds 215<br/>Gordon McLendon 161<br/>Harriet Beecher Stowe 33<br/>Helen Thomas 442<br/>Herbert Schiller 408<br/>Howard Stern 158<br/>Ida Wells-Barnett 234<br/>J. K. Rowling 42<br/>Jack Abramoff 262<br/>James Frey 495<br/>James Gordon Bennett 227<br/>Jane Friedman 41<br/>Jay Near 460<br/>Jineth Bedoya Lima 428<br/>Johannes Gutenberg 7<br/>John Brinkley 153<br/>Joseph Gutnick 466<br/>Kathleen Rutledge 370<br/>Leslie Unger 271<br/>Lourdes Portillo 130<br/>Margaret Bourke-White 86<br/>María Celeste Arrar s 181<br/>Mark Antreessen 205<br/>Mark Cuban 127<br/>Myles Kovacs 95<br/>Nelly 317<br/>Orhan Pamuk 429<br/>Oriana Fallaci 246<br/>Paul Garrett 258<br/>Peggy Charren 375<br/>Philo Farnsworth 174<br/>Protest Musicians 306<br/>Robert Flaherty 131<br/>Rupert Murdoch 20<br/>Sam Peckinpah 376<br/>Sara Josepha Hale 89<br/>Seymour Hersh 232<br/>Shigeru Miyamoto 312<br/>Shonda Rhimes 391<br/>Steve Schild 363<br/>Steven Spielberg 135<br/>Ted Cohen 492<br/>Terry Gross 165<br/>Tim Berners-Lee 203<br/>Tony Snow 447<br/>Vint Cerf 202<br/>Vivendi Mastermind 25<br/>William Holmes McGuffey 32<br/>William Shockley 200<br/>Media Technology<br/>Airplay for Sale 157<br/>Albums: The Rise and Fall 112<br/>Carbon Nanotubes 206<br/>China and EVD 422<br/>Computer-Generated Imagery 129<br/>Digital DJs 309<br/>Digital Television 178<br/>DualDisc 108<br/>Espresso Machine Brews Books 40<br/>Measuring Creativity 297<br/>Mobile Television 193<br/>Newspaper Production 56<br/>Sound Mixing 113<br/>Video on Demand 186<br/>Media Timeline<br/>Development of Advertising 278<br/>Development of Books 31<br/>Development of Media Ethics 486<br/>Internet 199<br/>Journalistic Practices 224<br/>Landmarks in Media Law 459<br/>Magazines 83<br/>Mass Communication and Culture 387<br/>Mass Communication and Violence 372<br/>Media Research 323<br/>Media Technology 8<br/>Movie Censorship 140<br/>Movie Exhibition 138<br/>Movie Technology 126<br/>Notable Dailies 61<br/>Public Relations 254<br/>Radio 151<br/>Radio Networks 154<br/>Record Industry 107<br/>Recording Formats 105<br/>Television Technology 175<br/>Understanding Mass Media Effects 362 |
