Chemistry for environmental and Earth sciences /
Duke, Catherine V. A.
Chemistry for environmental and Earth sciences / Catherine V.A. Duke, Craig D. Williams. - Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2008 - 230 p. ill. ; 24 cm.
Includes index.
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author Biographies
Chapter 1
Fire
Introduction to Chapter 1
1.1 Atoms and Elements
1.1.1 The Structure of Atoms
1.1.2 The Origin of the Elements
1.1.3 The Periodic Table
1.1.4 Electrons and Electron Orbitals
1.1.5 Radioactivity
1.1.6 Radiometric Dating Methods
Box 1.1 Scientific Notation
1.2. States of Matter
1.2.1 Plasma
1.2.2 Gases
1.2.3 Liquids
1.2.4 Solids
1.2.5 Phase Transitions and Phase Diagrams
1.2.6 Pure Substances, Compounds and Mixtures
1.3 Units of Measurement
1.3.1 SI and Non-SI Units
1.3.2 Scientific Notation and SI Prefixes
1.3.3 Concentrations and Solutions
Box 1.2 Significant Figures, Rounding Up and Decimal Places
1.4 Chemical Bonding
1.4.1 Covalent Bonding
1.4.2 Cations, Anions and Ionic Bonding
1.4.3 Metallic Bonding
1.4.4 Electronegativity, Polar Bonds and Hydrogen Bonding
1.5 Chemical Structures
1.5.1 Structures of Organic Molecules
1.5.2 Three Dimensional Structures, Chirality and Optical Isomers
1.5.3 Structures of Inorganic Molecules
1.5.4 Structures of Extended Networks
1.6 Chemical Reactions
1.6.1 Chemical Reactions
1.6.2 The Energy of Chemical Reactions
1.6.3 Chemical Equlibria and Le Chatelier's Principle
1.7 Summary of Chapter 1
End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 2
Earth
Introduction to Chapter 2
2.1 Formation of the Earth
2.1.1 The Structure of the Earth
Box 2.1 Dating the Earth
2.2 The Structures of Silicate Minerals
2.2.1 Silicates formed from Isolated Tetrahedra - Orthosilicates
2.2.2 Single Chain Silicates - Pyroxenes
2.2.3 Double Chain Silicates - Amphiboles
2.2.4 Sheet Silicates - Micas, Clays and Talc
2.2.5 Framework or Tecto-Silicates - Silica, Feldspars and Zeolites
2.3 Igneous Rocks
2.3.1 The Composition of Igneous Rocks
2.3.2 Crystallisation of Igneous Rocks
2.3.3 Phase Diagrams
2.3.4 Trace Elements in Igneous Rocks
2.3.5 Mineral Stability
Box 2.2 Determining the Elemental Composition of Rocks
2.4 Sedimentary Rocks
2.4.1 Siliciclastic Rocks - Sandstones, clays, mudstones & siltstones
2.4.2 Carbonates
2.4.3 Evaporites
2.4.4 The Mineral Composition of Sedimentary Rocks
2.4.5 The Chemical Composition of Sedimentary Rocks
2.5 Metamorphic Rocks
2.5.1 Metamorphism by Recrystallisation
2.5.2 Metamorphism and Chemical Reactions
Box 2.3 Formation of Fossil Fuels
2.6 Weathering
2.6.1 Physical Weathering
2.6.2 Chemical Weathering
2.6.3 Biological Weathering
2.7 The Chemistry of Soil
2.7.1 Soil Organic Matter
2.7.2 Ion exchange and Soil ph
2.7.3 Soil Pollution
Box 2.4 The Analysis of Polluted Soils
2.8 Summary of Chapter 2
End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 3
Water
Introduction to Chapter 3
3.1 The Properties of Water
3.1.1 The Phase Diagram of Water
3.1.2 Water and Hydrogen Bonding
3.1.3 Water and Heat
3.1.4 Water as a Solvent
3.1.5 The Water Cycle
3.2 Acids, Bases and the ph Scale
3.2.1 Acids and Bases
3.2.2 The Relative Strength of Acids and Bases
3.2.3 Strong Acids and Bases
3.2.4 Weak Acids and Bases
3.2.5 The Self Ionisation of Water
3.2.6 The ph Scale
3.2.7 Acid-Base Titrations
3.2.8 Buffer Solutions
Box 3.1 The Effects of Acid Rain
3.3 Ions in Solution
3.3.1 The Solvation of Ions
3.3.2 Sparingly Soluble Salts and Solubility Products
3.3.3 The Carbonate System
3.3.4 Hardness of Water
3.3.5 The Chemistry of Sea Water
Box 3.2 CO2 and Killer Lakes
Box 3.3 Water Softeners and How They Work
3.4 Redox Chemistry
3.4.1 Oxidation, Reduction and Oxidation States
3.4.2 Redox Potentials and Stability Field Diagrams
3.4.3 Speciation
3.4.4 The Redox Chemistry of Nitrogen
Box 3.4 Acidic Mine Drainage
3.5 Colloids and Suspended Particles
3.6 Water Pollution
3.6.1 Heavy Metals
3.6.2 Nutrients and Eutrophication
3.6.3 Organic Pollutants
3.6.5 Marine oil Pollution
Box 3.5 Analysis of Metals in Aqueous Solutions
3.7 Summary of Chapter 3
End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 4
Air
Introduction to Chapter 4
4.1 The Structure of the Atmosphere
Box 4.1 Auroras
4.2 Evolution and Composition of the Atmosphere
Box 4.2 Formation of The Molecules of Life
4.3 Natural Cycles
4.3.1 The Carbon Cycle
4.3.2 The Nitrogen Cycle
4.3.3 The Sulfur Cycle
4.4 Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect
4.5 The Ozone Layer
4.5.1 Ozone Formation and UV Protection
4.5.2 Ozone depletion
4.6 Air Pollution
4.6.1 The Key Pollutants
4.6.2 Urban Smog
4.6.3 Dispersal of Pollutants
4.6.4 Indoor Air Quality
4.7 Summary of Chapter 4
Answers to Self Assessment Questions
9780849339349 (acidfree paper) 0849339340 (acidfree paper)
Chemistry, Physical and theoretical--Environmental aspects
Geochemistry
Environmental chemistry
550.154 / D8771
Chemistry for environmental and Earth sciences / Catherine V.A. Duke, Craig D. Williams. - Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2008 - 230 p. ill. ; 24 cm.
Includes index.
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author Biographies
Chapter 1
Fire
Introduction to Chapter 1
1.1 Atoms and Elements
1.1.1 The Structure of Atoms
1.1.2 The Origin of the Elements
1.1.3 The Periodic Table
1.1.4 Electrons and Electron Orbitals
1.1.5 Radioactivity
1.1.6 Radiometric Dating Methods
Box 1.1 Scientific Notation
1.2. States of Matter
1.2.1 Plasma
1.2.2 Gases
1.2.3 Liquids
1.2.4 Solids
1.2.5 Phase Transitions and Phase Diagrams
1.2.6 Pure Substances, Compounds and Mixtures
1.3 Units of Measurement
1.3.1 SI and Non-SI Units
1.3.2 Scientific Notation and SI Prefixes
1.3.3 Concentrations and Solutions
Box 1.2 Significant Figures, Rounding Up and Decimal Places
1.4 Chemical Bonding
1.4.1 Covalent Bonding
1.4.2 Cations, Anions and Ionic Bonding
1.4.3 Metallic Bonding
1.4.4 Electronegativity, Polar Bonds and Hydrogen Bonding
1.5 Chemical Structures
1.5.1 Structures of Organic Molecules
1.5.2 Three Dimensional Structures, Chirality and Optical Isomers
1.5.3 Structures of Inorganic Molecules
1.5.4 Structures of Extended Networks
1.6 Chemical Reactions
1.6.1 Chemical Reactions
1.6.2 The Energy of Chemical Reactions
1.6.3 Chemical Equlibria and Le Chatelier's Principle
1.7 Summary of Chapter 1
End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 2
Earth
Introduction to Chapter 2
2.1 Formation of the Earth
2.1.1 The Structure of the Earth
Box 2.1 Dating the Earth
2.2 The Structures of Silicate Minerals
2.2.1 Silicates formed from Isolated Tetrahedra - Orthosilicates
2.2.2 Single Chain Silicates - Pyroxenes
2.2.3 Double Chain Silicates - Amphiboles
2.2.4 Sheet Silicates - Micas, Clays and Talc
2.2.5 Framework or Tecto-Silicates - Silica, Feldspars and Zeolites
2.3 Igneous Rocks
2.3.1 The Composition of Igneous Rocks
2.3.2 Crystallisation of Igneous Rocks
2.3.3 Phase Diagrams
2.3.4 Trace Elements in Igneous Rocks
2.3.5 Mineral Stability
Box 2.2 Determining the Elemental Composition of Rocks
2.4 Sedimentary Rocks
2.4.1 Siliciclastic Rocks - Sandstones, clays, mudstones & siltstones
2.4.2 Carbonates
2.4.3 Evaporites
2.4.4 The Mineral Composition of Sedimentary Rocks
2.4.5 The Chemical Composition of Sedimentary Rocks
2.5 Metamorphic Rocks
2.5.1 Metamorphism by Recrystallisation
2.5.2 Metamorphism and Chemical Reactions
Box 2.3 Formation of Fossil Fuels
2.6 Weathering
2.6.1 Physical Weathering
2.6.2 Chemical Weathering
2.6.3 Biological Weathering
2.7 The Chemistry of Soil
2.7.1 Soil Organic Matter
2.7.2 Ion exchange and Soil ph
2.7.3 Soil Pollution
Box 2.4 The Analysis of Polluted Soils
2.8 Summary of Chapter 2
End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 3
Water
Introduction to Chapter 3
3.1 The Properties of Water
3.1.1 The Phase Diagram of Water
3.1.2 Water and Hydrogen Bonding
3.1.3 Water and Heat
3.1.4 Water as a Solvent
3.1.5 The Water Cycle
3.2 Acids, Bases and the ph Scale
3.2.1 Acids and Bases
3.2.2 The Relative Strength of Acids and Bases
3.2.3 Strong Acids and Bases
3.2.4 Weak Acids and Bases
3.2.5 The Self Ionisation of Water
3.2.6 The ph Scale
3.2.7 Acid-Base Titrations
3.2.8 Buffer Solutions
Box 3.1 The Effects of Acid Rain
3.3 Ions in Solution
3.3.1 The Solvation of Ions
3.3.2 Sparingly Soluble Salts and Solubility Products
3.3.3 The Carbonate System
3.3.4 Hardness of Water
3.3.5 The Chemistry of Sea Water
Box 3.2 CO2 and Killer Lakes
Box 3.3 Water Softeners and How They Work
3.4 Redox Chemistry
3.4.1 Oxidation, Reduction and Oxidation States
3.4.2 Redox Potentials and Stability Field Diagrams
3.4.3 Speciation
3.4.4 The Redox Chemistry of Nitrogen
Box 3.4 Acidic Mine Drainage
3.5 Colloids and Suspended Particles
3.6 Water Pollution
3.6.1 Heavy Metals
3.6.2 Nutrients and Eutrophication
3.6.3 Organic Pollutants
3.6.5 Marine oil Pollution
Box 3.5 Analysis of Metals in Aqueous Solutions
3.7 Summary of Chapter 3
End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 4
Air
Introduction to Chapter 4
4.1 The Structure of the Atmosphere
Box 4.1 Auroras
4.2 Evolution and Composition of the Atmosphere
Box 4.2 Formation of The Molecules of Life
4.3 Natural Cycles
4.3.1 The Carbon Cycle
4.3.2 The Nitrogen Cycle
4.3.3 The Sulfur Cycle
4.4 Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect
4.5 The Ozone Layer
4.5.1 Ozone Formation and UV Protection
4.5.2 Ozone depletion
4.6 Air Pollution
4.6.1 The Key Pollutants
4.6.2 Urban Smog
4.6.3 Dispersal of Pollutants
4.6.4 Indoor Air Quality
4.7 Summary of Chapter 4
Answers to Self Assessment Questions
9780849339349 (acidfree paper) 0849339340 (acidfree paper)
Chemistry, Physical and theoretical--Environmental aspects
Geochemistry
Environmental chemistry
550.154 / D8771
