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Optical wireless communications : IR for wireless connectivity / Roberto Ramirez-Iniguez, Sevia M. Idrus, Ziran Sun.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublication details: Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2008Description: xxxi, 344 p. ill. ; 25 cmISBN:
  • 9780849372094 (hardback : alk. paper)
  • 0849372097 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subject(s): DDC classification:
  • 621.384 22 I561
Contents:
Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Technology Overview..................................... ................ 1 1.2 System Configurations..................................................4 1.3 Evolution of Infrared Communication Systems ............................. 10 1.4 The Optical Wireless Channel ....................................................... 17 1.5 Design Fundamentals ......................................... .......20 1.6 Power Budget Considerations ...................... .....21 1.7 Summary and Conclusions ....................... ......22 2 Atmospheric Transmission Limitations ...............................................25 2.1 Introduction to Atmospheric Propagation ....................................25 2.2 Important Definitions ......................................... ....... 26 2.2.1 Atm osphere .................................................... 26 2.2.2 Aerosol ...................................................27 2.2.3 Attenuation ..................................29 2.2.4 Absorption .................................................... 29 2.2.5 Scattering ........................................ . ......................... 30 2.2.6 Radiance .....................................32 2.3 Atmospheric Transmission.............................. .........33 2.4 Effect of Rain, Fog, and Mist ............................................. 34 2.5 Scintillation .......................................38 2.6 Summary and Conclusions ...................................... ......... 40 3 Data Transmission Limitations and Eye Safety ................................43 3.1 Data Transmission Limitations............................ ........43 3.1.1 Ambient Illumination Noise ...................................... 44 3.1.1.1 Direct and Reflected Sunlight ............................49 3.1.2 Multipath Dispersion ...................................... .....57 3.2 Eye Safety ............................................................................... 60 3.3 Extended versus Collimated Sources.............................. .....61 3.3.1 Class 1 Lasers .....................................................................62 3.3.2 Class 2 Lasers ......................................... ........63 3.3.3 Class 3 Lasers ......................................... ........63 3.4 Holographic Diffusers ......................................... .......63 3.5 Light-Emitting Diodes versus Laser Diodes............................... 66 3.6 Special Considerations for Outdoor Systems................................67 3.7 Summary and Conclusions ............................................................70 4 Fundamentals of Optical Concentration........................................73 4.1 O verview ..........................................................73 4.2 Geometrical Optics and Ray Tracing..........................................74 4.2.1 Snell's Laws ..................................... ............. 75 4.3 Optical Path Length and Fermat's Principle ..................................78 4.4 The Atendue or Lagrange Invariant.............................. .....78 4.5 The Edge Ray Principle............................ ..... ......... 83 4.6 Concentration Ratio ....................................... ............................. 84 4.6.1 Different Versions of Concentration Ratio .........................86 4.7 Summary and Conclusions ........................................ ......87 5 Optical Concentrators .......................................... .........89 5.1 Overview of Optical Concentrators ..................................... ...89 5.2 Wireless IR Receiver Requirements ........................................ 90 5.3 O ptical Filters...................................................91 5.4 Optical Concentrators ......................................... .......97 5.4.1 Ideal Concentrators ..................................... 100 5.4.2 Imaging Concentrators and Fresnel Lenses ...................... 101 5.4.3 Hemispherical Concentrators ..................................... 103 5.4.4 Compound Parabolic Concentrators ................................ 104 5.4.5 Dielectric Totally Internally Reflecting Concentrators (DTIRCs)...................... 106 5.5 DTIRC Characteristics.......................... 109 5.5.1 Geometrical Gain........................ ......... 109 5.5.2 Maximum Output Angle ..................................... 112 5.5.3 Total Height................................... 115 5.6 Comparison of Concentrators .......................... 117 5.7 Practical Issues..................................................122 5.8 Other Shapes of DTIRCs ..................................... 125 5.8.1 Parabolic DTIRC ..................................... 126 5.8.2 Elliptical DTIRC ..................................... 132 5.8.3 Comparison of DTIRCs............................... 133 5.9 Summary and Conclusions ..................................... 139 6 Optical Wireless Transmitter Design.............................................. 143 6.1 Introduction to Optical Wireless Transceiver Design .................. 143 6.2 Transmitter Design Considerations ..................................... 145 6.3 Optical Source Characteristics........................ 146 6.4 Types of Optical Modulation ........................... 151 6.4.1 External Optical Modulators........................... 154 6.4.2 Direct Digital Modulator ................................................. 157 6.4.3 Direct Analog Modulator............................ 160 6.5 Driver Circuit Design Concepts ..................................... 162 6.5.1 Driver Specifications ..................................... 163 6.6 Current Steering Output Circuit ..................................... 164 6.7 Back Termination Circuit ..................................... 165 6.8 Predriver ........................................ 166 6.9 Data Retiming................................. 168 6.10 Automatic Power Control ..................................... 168 6.11 Transmitter Linearization Techniques ..................................... 170 7 Optical Wireless Receiver Design ..................................... 173 7.1 Receiver Design Considerations ......................... 173 7.2 Photodetection in Reverse-Biased Diodes .................................... 174 7.3 Choosing the Photodetector ..................................... 176 7.4 Receiver Noise Considerations....... ................. 180 7.5 Bit Error Rate and Sensitivity ..................................... 183 7.6 Bandwidth ....................................... 184 7.7 Signal Amplification Techniques ..................................... 185 7.7.1 Low-Impedance Front End ..................................... 187 7.7.2 High-Impedance Front End ..................................... 187 7.7.3 Transimpedance Front End ..................................... 188 7.7.4 Bootstrap Transimpedance Amplifier............................. 190 7.8 Receiver Main Amplifier (RMA) ........................................ 193 7.8.1 Optimization Decision Circuit.............................. 196 7.8.2 Loss of Signal Detector (LSD).............................. 198 7.9 Transceiver Circuit Implementation Technologies: Hybrid and Monolithic Integration ..................................... 199 7.9.1 OEIC for Higher Integration ..............................................202 7.10 Summary and Conclusions ..................................... 204 8 Modulation, Coding, and Multiple Access............................ 207 8.1 Introduction to Modulation and Multiple Access Techniques ........207 8.2 Modulation............................... 208 8.2.1 Analog Modulation ..................................... 208 8.2.2 Pulse Modulation (PM)................................. 209 8.2.3 Digital Modulation ...................................... ...... 217 8.2.3.1 On-Off Keying............................... 220 8.3 Modulation Techniques Comparison............................ .....221 8.4 Modulation Schemes in the Presence of Noise........................... 228 8.5 Modulation Schemes in the Presence of Multipath Distortion........232 8.6 Multiple Access Techniques ............................................. ....... 233 8.6.1 Electrical Multiple Access Techniques....................... 234 8.6.2 Optical Multiple Access Techniques....................................237 8.6.2.1 Angle-Diversity Receivers.............................. 240 8.6.2.2 Quasi-Diffuse Transmitters............ .....243 8.7 Summary and Conclusions ...................................... ......245 9 Infrared Data Association (IrDA) Protocols ...................249 9.1 Wireless Protocol Standards................................ .......249 9.2 The Infrared Data Association ...................................... .....249 9.3 IrDA Standard Overview.................................. ........ 251 9.4 The Physical Layer Protocol ..................................... 255 9.4.1 IrDA Transmitters ..................................... 255 9.4.2 IrDA Receivers ........................................ ....... 256 9.4.3 Transceiver Specifications........................ ........258 9.4.4 Other Issues Related to the Physical Layer ....................... 259 9.5 Framer and Driver ..................................... 266 9.5.1 Framers ..................................... 266 9.5.2 Controllers ..................................... 266 9.5.3 Drivers .......................................... ..........267 9.6 IrLA P .................................................................................... ...... 267 9.6.1 The IrLAP Frame ..................................... 268 9.6.2 Discovery and Device Selection .................................... 269 9.6.3 Link Negotiation and Connection ....................................269 9.6.4 Connection Establishment ........................................ 270 9.6.5 Information Exchange and Flow Control ..........................271 9.7 Link Management Protocol (IrLMP)............................. ....271 9.8 Information Access Service and Protocol (IAS) ............................273 9.9 Tiny Transport Protocol (TinyTP) ..............................................274 9.10 Session and Application Layer Protocols .................................... 275 9.11 Summary and Conclusions ....................................... ......278 10 Wireless Infrared Networking ....................................... .....281 10.1 Introduction ....................................................... 281 10.2 Network Architecture......................... ...... .................282 10.3 Optical Wireless Network Specifications ................................... 283 10.3.1 IEEE 802.11 Specification........................ 284 10.3.1.1 Medium Access Control............................... 285 10.3.1.2 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)....... 286 10.3.1.3 CSMA/CA.............................. 286 10.3.1.4 Acknowledgment and Reservation: RTS/CTS.....287 10.3.2 IrDA AIr ..................................... ............... 289 10.3.2.1 AIr and IEEE 802.11 ..................................... 291 10.4 The Ad Hoc Network ................................................293 10.4.1 Issues in Ad Hoc Network Design ....................................293 10.4.2 Routing in Infrared Ad Hoc Networking..........................294 10.4.2.1 Proactive ...................................... ......294 10.4.2.2 Reactive........................... ..................... 295 10.4.2.3 Hybrid........................................... 295 10.4.3 Security in Infrared Ad Hoc Networking..........................296 10.5 Quality of Service (QoS) ........................................ ......297 10.5.1 QoS in the MAC Layer: IEEE 802.11e .............................298 10.5.1.1 EDCA in IEEE 802.11e......................................299 10.5.2 QoS in Routing .............................. 300 10.6 Future Infrared Networking ...................................... .....302
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Item type Current library Call number Status Date due Barcode
Books Books UE-Central Library 621.384 I561 (Browse shelf(Opens below)) Available T9904
Books Books UE-Central Library 621.384 I561 (Browse shelf(Opens below)) Available T1582

"An Auerbach book."

Introduction ........................................................................................... 1
1.1 Technology Overview..................................... ................ 1
1.2 System Configurations..................................................4
1.3 Evolution of Infrared Communication Systems ............................. 10
1.4 The Optical Wireless Channel ....................................................... 17
1.5 Design Fundamentals ......................................... .......20
1.6 Power Budget Considerations ...................... .....21
1.7 Summary and Conclusions ....................... ......22
2 Atmospheric Transmission Limitations ...............................................25
2.1 Introduction to Atmospheric Propagation ....................................25
2.2 Important Definitions ......................................... ....... 26
2.2.1 Atm osphere .................................................... 26
2.2.2 Aerosol ...................................................27
2.2.3 Attenuation ..................................29
2.2.4 Absorption .................................................... 29
2.2.5 Scattering ........................................ . ......................... 30
2.2.6 Radiance .....................................32
2.3 Atmospheric Transmission.............................. .........33
2.4 Effect of Rain, Fog, and Mist ............................................. 34
2.5 Scintillation .......................................38
2.6 Summary and Conclusions ...................................... ......... 40
3 Data Transmission Limitations and Eye Safety ................................43
3.1 Data Transmission Limitations............................ ........43
3.1.1 Ambient Illumination Noise ...................................... 44
3.1.1.1 Direct and Reflected Sunlight ............................49
3.1.2 Multipath Dispersion ...................................... .....57
3.2 Eye Safety ............................................................................... 60
3.3 Extended versus Collimated Sources.............................. .....61
3.3.1 Class 1 Lasers .....................................................................62
3.3.2 Class 2 Lasers ......................................... ........63
3.3.3 Class 3 Lasers ......................................... ........63
3.4 Holographic Diffusers ......................................... .......63
3.5 Light-Emitting Diodes versus Laser Diodes............................... 66
3.6 Special Considerations for Outdoor Systems................................67
3.7 Summary and Conclusions ............................................................70
4 Fundamentals of Optical Concentration........................................73
4.1 O verview ..........................................................73
4.2 Geometrical Optics and Ray Tracing..........................................74
4.2.1 Snell's Laws ..................................... ............. 75
4.3 Optical Path Length and Fermat's Principle ..................................78
4.4 The Atendue or Lagrange Invariant.............................. .....78
4.5 The Edge Ray Principle............................ ..... ......... 83
4.6 Concentration Ratio ....................................... ............................. 84
4.6.1 Different Versions of Concentration Ratio .........................86
4.7 Summary and Conclusions ........................................ ......87
5 Optical Concentrators .......................................... .........89
5.1 Overview of Optical Concentrators ..................................... ...89
5.2 Wireless IR Receiver Requirements ........................................ 90
5.3 O ptical Filters...................................................91
5.4 Optical Concentrators ......................................... .......97
5.4.1 Ideal Concentrators ..................................... 100
5.4.2 Imaging Concentrators and Fresnel Lenses ...................... 101
5.4.3 Hemispherical Concentrators ..................................... 103
5.4.4 Compound Parabolic Concentrators ................................ 104
5.4.5 Dielectric Totally Internally Reflecting Concentrators
(DTIRCs)...................... 106
5.5 DTIRC Characteristics.......................... 109
5.5.1 Geometrical Gain........................ ......... 109
5.5.2 Maximum Output Angle ..................................... 112
5.5.3 Total Height................................... 115
5.6 Comparison of Concentrators .......................... 117
5.7 Practical Issues..................................................122
5.8 Other Shapes of DTIRCs ..................................... 125
5.8.1 Parabolic DTIRC ..................................... 126
5.8.2 Elliptical DTIRC ..................................... 132
5.8.3 Comparison of DTIRCs............................... 133
5.9 Summary and Conclusions ..................................... 139
6 Optical Wireless Transmitter Design.............................................. 143
6.1 Introduction to Optical Wireless Transceiver Design .................. 143
6.2 Transmitter Design Considerations ..................................... 145
6.3 Optical Source Characteristics........................ 146
6.4 Types of Optical Modulation ........................... 151
6.4.1 External Optical Modulators........................... 154
6.4.2 Direct Digital Modulator ................................................. 157
6.4.3 Direct Analog Modulator............................ 160
6.5 Driver Circuit Design Concepts ..................................... 162
6.5.1 Driver Specifications ..................................... 163
6.6 Current Steering Output Circuit ..................................... 164
6.7 Back Termination Circuit ..................................... 165
6.8 Predriver ........................................ 166
6.9 Data Retiming................................. 168
6.10 Automatic Power Control ..................................... 168
6.11 Transmitter Linearization Techniques ..................................... 170
7 Optical Wireless Receiver Design ..................................... 173
7.1 Receiver Design Considerations ......................... 173
7.2 Photodetection in Reverse-Biased Diodes .................................... 174
7.3 Choosing the Photodetector ..................................... 176
7.4 Receiver Noise Considerations....... ................. 180
7.5 Bit Error Rate and Sensitivity ..................................... 183
7.6 Bandwidth ....................................... 184
7.7 Signal Amplification Techniques ..................................... 185
7.7.1 Low-Impedance Front End ..................................... 187
7.7.2 High-Impedance Front End ..................................... 187
7.7.3 Transimpedance Front End ..................................... 188
7.7.4 Bootstrap Transimpedance Amplifier............................. 190
7.8 Receiver Main Amplifier (RMA) ........................................ 193
7.8.1 Optimization Decision Circuit.............................. 196
7.8.2 Loss of Signal Detector (LSD).............................. 198
7.9 Transceiver Circuit Implementation Technologies: Hybrid and
Monolithic Integration ..................................... 199
7.9.1 OEIC for Higher Integration ..............................................202
7.10 Summary and Conclusions ..................................... 204
8 Modulation, Coding, and Multiple Access............................ 207
8.1 Introduction to Modulation and Multiple Access Techniques ........207
8.2 Modulation............................... 208
8.2.1 Analog Modulation ..................................... 208
8.2.2 Pulse Modulation (PM)................................. 209
8.2.3 Digital Modulation ...................................... ...... 217
8.2.3.1 On-Off Keying............................... 220
8.3 Modulation Techniques Comparison............................ .....221
8.4 Modulation Schemes in the Presence of Noise........................... 228
8.5 Modulation Schemes in the Presence of Multipath Distortion........232
8.6 Multiple Access Techniques ............................................. ....... 233
8.6.1 Electrical Multiple Access Techniques....................... 234
8.6.2 Optical Multiple Access Techniques....................................237
8.6.2.1 Angle-Diversity Receivers.............................. 240
8.6.2.2 Quasi-Diffuse Transmitters............ .....243
8.7 Summary and Conclusions ...................................... ......245
9 Infrared Data Association (IrDA) Protocols ...................249
9.1 Wireless Protocol Standards................................ .......249
9.2 The Infrared Data Association ...................................... .....249
9.3 IrDA Standard Overview.................................. ........ 251
9.4 The Physical Layer Protocol ..................................... 255
9.4.1 IrDA Transmitters ..................................... 255
9.4.2 IrDA Receivers ........................................ ....... 256
9.4.3 Transceiver Specifications........................ ........258
9.4.4 Other Issues Related to the Physical Layer ....................... 259
9.5 Framer and Driver ..................................... 266
9.5.1 Framers ..................................... 266
9.5.2 Controllers ..................................... 266
9.5.3 Drivers .......................................... ..........267
9.6 IrLA P .................................................................................... ...... 267
9.6.1 The IrLAP Frame ..................................... 268
9.6.2 Discovery and Device Selection .................................... 269
9.6.3 Link Negotiation and Connection ....................................269
9.6.4 Connection Establishment ........................................ 270
9.6.5 Information Exchange and Flow Control ..........................271
9.7 Link Management Protocol (IrLMP)............................. ....271
9.8 Information Access Service and Protocol (IAS) ............................273
9.9 Tiny Transport Protocol (TinyTP) ..............................................274
9.10 Session and Application Layer Protocols .................................... 275
9.11 Summary and Conclusions ....................................... ......278
10 Wireless Infrared Networking ....................................... .....281
10.1 Introduction ....................................................... 281
10.2 Network Architecture......................... ...... .................282
10.3 Optical Wireless Network Specifications ................................... 283
10.3.1 IEEE 802.11 Specification........................ 284
10.3.1.1 Medium Access Control............................... 285
10.3.1.2 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)....... 286
10.3.1.3 CSMA/CA.............................. 286
10.3.1.4 Acknowledgment and Reservation: RTS/CTS.....287
10.3.2 IrDA AIr ..................................... ............... 289
10.3.2.1 AIr and IEEE 802.11 ..................................... 291
10.4 The Ad Hoc Network ................................................293
10.4.1 Issues in Ad Hoc Network Design ....................................293
10.4.2 Routing in Infrared Ad Hoc Networking..........................294
10.4.2.1 Proactive ...................................... ......294
10.4.2.2 Reactive........................... ..................... 295
10.4.2.3 Hybrid........................................... 295
10.4.3 Security in Infrared Ad Hoc Networking..........................296
10.5 Quality of Service (QoS) ........................................ ......297
10.5.1 QoS in the MAC Layer: IEEE 802.11e .............................298
10.5.1.1 EDCA in IEEE 802.11e......................................299
10.5.2 QoS in Routing .............................. 300
10.6 Future Infrared Networking ...................................... .....302

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