TY - BOOK AU - Gokhale,Anu A. TI - Introduction to telecommunications SN - 1401856489 U1 - 621.382 22 PY - 2009/// CY - New Dehli PB - Cengage Learning KW - Telecommunication N1 - Includes index; Contents Preface xvii 1 An overview of telecommunications 1 Key terms 1 Objectives 1 Introduction 2 What is telecommunication? 2 History of telecommunications 3 History of telecommunications technologies 3 History of the telecommunications industry 6 Telecommunications networks 11 Internet 12 Classification of data networks 14 Classification by spatial distance 14 Classification by topology 16 Classification by ownership 18 Classification by switching technology 20 Classification by computing model 22 Classification by type of information 24 Telecommunications standards 24 International standards organizations 25 National regulatory and standards organizations 28 European standards organizations 29 De facto standards 30 Open computing 30 Challenges of telecommunication technologies 31 Careers in telecommunications 31 Summary 33 Review questions 34 2 Electronics for telecommunications 37 Key terms 37 Objectives 37 Introduction 38 Communications system parameters 39 Type of information 39 Bandwidth 39 Broadband versus baseband 40 Synchronous versus asynchronous 41 Simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex 42 Serial versus parallel 42 Analog versus digital 43 Noise 44 Modulation 52 Fourier theorem and spectral analysis 54 Amplitude modulation (am) 56 Frequency modulation (fm) 56 Phase modulation (pm) 58 Pulse modulation 61 Multiplexing 64 Frequency division multiplexing (fdm) 65 Time division multiplexing (tdm) 66 Wavelength division multiplexing (wdm) 71 Summary 74 Review questions 75 3 Transmission media 77 Key terms 77 Objectives 77 Introduction 78 Copper cables 78 Coaxial cable 78 Unshielded twisted pair (utp) 80 Shielded twisted pair (stp) 82 Attenuation in copper cables 82 International cabling specifications 92 Copper versus fiber 93 Fiber-optic cables 93 Fiber construction and types 94 Light propagation through fiber 96 Optical sources and detectors 100 Construction of a fiber-optic cable 103 Joining fibers 104 Transmission impairments in fiber-optic cables 105 Cabling architecture 107 Structured wiring 107 Cable facilities hardware 110 Cable installation 112 Cable tests 114 Summary 115 Case study 116 Review questions 117 4 Voice communications 119 Key terms 119 Objectives 119 Introduction 120 Public telephone network 120 Switching systems 122 Telecom infrastructure 123 Telephone cable architecture 125 Line conditioning 129 The telephone 129 Analog versus digital telephones 130 Telephone circuit and speech characteristics 133 Outgoing call 136 Incoming call 137 Line signaling 139 Loop start 139 Ground start 139 Trunk signaling 141 Single frequency (sf) 141 E&m signaling 141 Common channel signaling 143 Intelligent network (in) services 145 Caller identification 146 Automatic call distribution (acd) for businesses 146 Voice processing systems for businesses 148 Business telephone systems 150 Telephone lines 150 Private branch exchange (pbx) 153 Centrex 154 Virtual pbx service 155 Network design parameters 156 Grade of service 157 Estimated traffic 158 Network design 159 Converged networks 159 Summary 160 Review questions 161 5 Wireless communications 163 Key terms 163 Objectives 163 Introduction 164 Cellular mobile telephone systems 164 Cellular networks 165 Personal communications systems (pcs) 166 Analog versus digital access 168 Analog access 168 Digital access 170 Wireless applications and products 176 Wireless lans (wlans) 181 Microwave lans 183 Radio lans 185 Infrared lans 185 Broadband wireless systems 186 Satellite communications 188 Satellite earth station 191 Geosynchronous satellite (geo) 194 Global positioning system (gps) 196 Low earth orbit (leo) and Medium earth orbit (meo) satellites 197 International wireless communications 200 Umts and imt-2000 201 Global system for mobile communications (gsm) 202 Summary 204 Case study 205 Review questions 206 6 Data communications 209 Key terms 209 Objectives 209 Introduction 210 Evolution of data networks 210 Open systems interconnect (osi) model 213 Physical layer 214 Data link layer 215 Network layer 215 Transport layer 215 Session layer 215 Presentation layer 216 Application layer 216 Character codes 216 Ascii 216 Data encoding methods 217 Non-return to zero (nrz) 219 Bipolar alternate mark inversions (bipolar ami) 219 Bipolar with 8 zero substitution (b8zs) 219 Manchester encoding 219 Multi-level transition (mlt-3) 220 4b/5b encoding 221 2 binary 1 quaternary 221 Error detection and correction 221 Parity checking 223 Longitudinal redundancy check (lrc) 224 Hamming code 224 Cyclic redundancy check (crc) 225 Data link protocols 227 High-level data link control (hdlc) 227 Lan access methods 227 Token passing 228 Carrier sense multiple access (csma) 228 Lan technologies 230 Token ring 230 Fiber distributed data interface (fddi) 232 Ethernet 233 Lan configurations 239 Client/server 239 Peer-to-peer 240 Internetworking 243 Repeaters 244 Bridges 244 Switches 245 Routers 247 Gateways 250 Channel service unit (csu)/digital service unit (dsu) 250 Trunking 250 Summary 252 Review questions 253 7 Wide area network and broadband technologies 255 Key terms 255 Objectives 255 Introduction 256 Packet switching networks 256 X.25 257 Frame relay 259 Advantages of frame relay 262 Switched multimegabit data service (smds) 262 Integrated services digital network (isdn) 264 Advantages and disadvantages of isdn 265 Synchronous optical network (sonet) 267 Sts-1 transmission rate 267 Advantages of sonet 269 Sonet protocol 271 Sts-1 frame structure 271 Asynchronous transfer mode (atm) 273 Atm layer and cell format 273 Advantages of atm 274 Drawbacks of atm 277 Atm standards 278 Packet over sonet (pos) 279 Dynamic synchronous transfer mode (dtm) 281 Residential or small business access technologies 283 Digital subscriber line (dsl) 283 Cable modems (cms) 284 Fixed wireless 286 Vsat (very small aperture terminal) 287 Passive optical network (pon) 287 Summary 288 Case study 291 Review questions 292 8 Internet and converged networks 295 Key terms 295 Objectives 295 Introduction 296 Tcp/ip model 296 Transmission control protocol (tcp) 297 User datagram protocol (udp) 299 Internet protocol (ip) 299 Ip version 4 (ipv4) addressing 299 Ip version 6 (ipv6) 306 Tcp/ip-based applications 307 Tcp via satellite 309 Internet 2 (i2) 310 Sna versus tcp/ip 311 Virtual private network (vpn) 312 Vpn protocols 314 Intranet and extranet 315 Converged networks 317 Voice over ip (voip) 320 Pstn and ip internetworking 320 Voip call process 322 Voip qos 322 Voice over frame relay (vofr) 323 Voice over atm 324 Multimedia over ip protocols 324 Real-time transport protocol (rtp) 325 Resource reservation protocol (rsvp) 325 Open settlement protocol (osp) 325 H.323 326 Data compression 326 Run-length encoding 328 Huffman code 328 Transform coding 329 Summary 330 Case study 331 Review questions 332 9 Network management 335 Key terms 335 Objectives 335 Introduction 336 Policy management 337 Evaluation of network hardware and software 337 Hardware 337 Software 339 Network administration and maintenance 342 Implementing virtual lans (vlan) 343 Network performance management 344 Network security 347 Security threats 348 Network vulnerability management and security policy 350 Security measures 351 Security provisions in a vpn 359 Configuration management 359 Network applications and services 360 Storage 361 Network application software 365 Business continuance 367 Telecommunications management network 368 Summary 370 Review questions 371 10 Telecom policy and business contracts 373 Key terms 373 Objectives 373 Introduction 374 Telecommunications act of 1996 375 Infrastructure for a timely deployment of advanced services 377 The promotion of competition 379 Universal availability of advanced services 382 Regulation on electronic documents 383 Global perspective 384 Intellectual property 385 Global intellectual property law 386 Telecom policy impact on businesses 387 Global market competitiveness 387 Electronic commerce 388 Service level agreement (sla) 391 Need for a sla 392 Selecting a service provider 392 Application performance evaluation 393 Network performance evaluation 393 Sla clauses 394 Sla negotiation 395 Sla monitoring tools 397 Implementing an sla 398 Total cost of ownership (tco) 399 Cost/benefit analysis 399 Return on investment (roi) 401 Net value 402 Tco applications 403 Summary 404 Case study 405 Review questions 406 Acronyms 409 Glossary 417 Index 445 ER -