includes bibliography and index

Contents
Chapter 1 Preliminaries 1
1.1 Reasons for Studying Concepts of Programming Languages 2
1.2 Programming Domains 5
1.3 Language Evaluation Criteria 7
1.4 Influences on Language Design 20
1.5 Language Categories 23
1.6 Language Design Trade-offs 24
1.7 Implementation Methods 25
1.8 Programming Environments 33
Summary ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set 34
Chapter 2 Evolution of the Major Programming Languages 39
2.1 Zuse's Plankalkül 40
2.2 Minimal Hardware Programming: Pseudocodes 43
2.3 The IBM 704 and Fortran 45
2.4 Functional Programming: LISP 52
2.5 The First Step Toward Sophistication: ALGOL 60 57
2.6 Computerizing Business Records: COBOL 63
2.7 The Beginnings of Timesharing: BASIC 68
Interview: ALAN COOPER-User Design and Language Design 72
2.8 Everything for Everybody: PL/I 74
2.9 Two Early Dynamic Languages: APL and SNOBOL 78
2.10 The Beginnings of Data Abstraction: SIMULA 67 79
2.11 Orthogonal Design: ALGOL 68 80
2.12 Some Early Descendants of the algols 82
2.13 Programming Based on Logic: Prolog 90
2.14 History's Largest Design Effort: Ada 92
2.15 Object-Oriented Programming: Smalltalk 97
2.16 Combining Imperative and Object-Oriented Features: C++ 101
2.17 An Imperative-Based Object-Oriented Language: Java 104
2.18 Scripting Languages: javascript, PHP, and Python 108
2.19 A C-Based Language for the New Millennium: C# 112
2.20 Markup/Programming Hybrid Languages 115
Summary ¿ Bibliographic Notes ¿ Review Questions ¿Problem Set 117
Chapter 3 Describing Syntax and Semantics 123
3.1 Introduction 124
3.2 The General Problem of Describing Syntax 125
3.3 Formal Methods of Describing Syntax 127
3.4 Attribute Grammars 141
History Note 142
3.5 Describing the Meanings of Programs: Dynamic Semantics 148
History Note 164
Summary ¿ Bibliographic Notes ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set ¿
Programming Exercises .......................................................................169
Chapter 4 Lexical and Syntax Analysis 175
4.1 Introduction 176
4.2 Lexical Analysis 177
4.3 The Parsing Problem 181
4.4 Recursive-Descent Parsing 185
4.5 Bottom-Up Parsing 193
Summary ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set ¿Programming Exercises 200
Chapter 5 Names, Bindings, Type Checking, and Scopes 205
5.1 Introduction 206
5.2 Names 207
History Note 207
History Note 208
5.3 Variables 209
History Note 210
5.4 The Concept of Binding 212
Interview: RASMUS LERDORF-Scripting Languages and Other Examples of Slick Solutions 216
5.5 Type Checking 222
5.6 Strong Typing 223
5.7 Type Compatibility 225
History Note 225
5.8 Scope 228
5.9 Scope and Lifetime 237
5.10 Referencing Environments 237
5.11 Named Constants 239
Summary ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set ¿ Programming Exercises ....242
Chapter 6 Data Types 251
6.1 Introduction 252
6.2 Primitive Data Types 253
6.3 Character String Types 256
History Note 258
6.4 User-Defined Ordinal Types 261
6.5 Array Types 266
History Note 267
History Note 269
6.6 Associative Arrays 279
Interview: RASMUS LERDORF-The Open Source Movement
And Work Life 280
6.7 Record Types 284
6.8 Union Types 288
6.9 Pointer and Reference Types 292
History Note 296
Summary ¿ Bibliographic Notes ¿ Review Questions ¿
Problem Set ¿Programming Exercises 305
Chapter 7 Expressions and Assignment Statements 311
7.1 Introduction 312
7.2 Arithmetic Expressions 313
History Note 320
7.3 Overloaded Operators 321
7.4 Type Conversions 323
History Note 324
7.5 Relational and Boolean Expressions 326
History Note 326
7.6 Short-Circuit Evaluation 329
7.7 Assignment Statements 330
History Note 333
7.8 Mixed-mode Assignment 334
Summary ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set ¿ Programming Exercises ....335
Chapter 8 Statement-Level Control Structures 341
8.1 Introduction 342
8.2 Selection Statements 343
History Note 344
History Note 346
8.3 Iterative Statements 352
History Note 354
Interview: LARRY WALL-Part 1: Linguistics and the Birth
Of Perl 362
8.4 Unconditional Branching 366
History Note 366
8.5 Guarded Commands 367
8.6 Conclusions 371
Summary ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set ¿Programming Exercises 372
Chapter 9 Subprograms 377
9.1 Introduction 378
9.2 Fundamentals of Subprograms 378
9.3 Design Issues for Subprograms 385
9.4 Local Referencing Environments 385
9.5 Parameter-Passing Methods 387
Interview: LARRY WALL-Part 2: Scripting Languages in General
And Perl in Particular 388
History Note 396
History Note 397
History Note 401
9.6 Parameters That Are Subprogram Names 408
History Note 409
9.7 Overloaded Subprograms 410
9.8 Generic Subprograms 411
9.9 Design Issues for Functions 417
9.10 User-Defined Overloaded Operators 418
9.11 Coroutines 419
History Note 419
Summary ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set ¿Programming Exercises 421
Chapter 10 Implementing Subprograms 427
10.1 The General Semantics of Calls and Returns 428
10.2 Implementing "Simple" Subprograms 429
10.3 Implementing Subprograms with Stack-Dynamic Local Variables 431
10.4 Nested Subprograms 439
Interview: NIKLAUS WIRTH-Keeping It Simple 440
10.5 Blocks 447
10.6 Implementing Dynamic Scoping 449
Summary ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set 453
Chapter 11 Abstract Data Types and Encapsulation Constructs 459
11.1 The Concept of Abstraction 460
11.2 Introduction to Data Abstraction 461
11.3 Design Issues for Abstract Data Types 463
11.4 Language Examples 464
Interview: BJARNE STROUSTRUP-C++: Its Birth, Its
Ubiquitousness, and Common Criticisms .466
11.5 Parameterized Abstract Data Types 478
11.6 Encapsulation Constructs 481
11.7 Naming Encapsulations 484
Summary ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set ¿Programming Exercises 488
Chapter 12 Support for Object-Oriented Programming 493
12.1 Introduction 494
12.2 Object-Oriented Programming 494
12.3 Design Issues for Object-Oriented Languages 497
12.4 Support for Object-Oriented Programming in Smalltalk 502
12.5 Support for Object-Oriented Programming in C++ 504
Interview: BJARNE STROUSTRUP-On Paradigms and
Better Programming 506
12.6 Support for Object-Oriented Programming in Java 514
12.7 Support for Object-Oriented Programming in C# 517
12.8 Support for Object-Oriented Programming in Ada 95 519
12.9 The Object Model of javascript 524
12.10 Implementation of Object-Oriented Constructs 527
Summary ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set ¿Programming Exercises 530
Chapter 13 Concurrency 535
13.1 Introduction 536
13.2 Introduction to Subprogram-Level Concurrency 539
13.3 Semaphores 543
History Note 543
13.4 Monitors 548
13.5 Message Passing 550
13.6 Ada Support for Concurrency 551
13.7 Java Threads 562
13.8 C# Threads 570
13.9 Statement-Level Concurrency 572
Summary ¿ Bibliographic Notes ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set ¿
Programming Exercises 574
Chapter 14 Exception Handling and Event Handling 579
14.1 Introduction to Exception Handling 580
History Note 584
14.2 Exception Handling in Ada 586
14.3 Exception Handling in C++ 593
14.4 Exception Handling in Java 597
Interview: JAMES GOSLING-The Birth of Java 600
14.5 Introduction to Event Handling 607
14.6 Event Handling with Java 608
Summary ¿ Bibliographic Notes ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set .........614
Chapter 15 Functional Programming Languages 619
15.1 Introduction 620
15.2 Mathematical Functions 621
15.3 Fundamentals of Functional Programming Languages 623
15.4 The First Functional Programming Language: LISP 624
15.5 An Introduction to Scheme 628
15.6 COMMON LISP 645
15.7 ML 645
15.8 Haskell 649
15.9 Applications of Functional Languages 653
15.10 A Comparison of Functional and Imperative Languages 653
Summary ¿ Bibliographic Notes ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set ¿
Programming Exercises 654
Chapter 16 Logic Programming Languages 659
16.1 Introduction 660
16.2 A Brief Introduction to Predicate Calculus 660
16.3 Predicate Calculus and Proving Theorems 664
16.4 An Overview of Logic Programming 666
16.5 The Origins of Prolog 668
16.6 The Basic Elements of Prolog 669
16.7 The Deficiencies of Prolog 684
16.8 Applications of Logic Programming 689
Summary ¿ Bibliographic Notes ¿ Review Questions ¿ Problem Set ¿
Programming Exercises .......................................................................691
Bibliography 695
Index